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Abstract:

Promises developments in information technology, the most affected accounting and communications, and this led to tremendous developments and leaps in accounting that are no longer limited to recording, tabulating, summarizing and presenting data in final accounts on the result of information aimed at providing diverse activity information but rather evolved to be a system for its users from internal parties And external, in order to rationalize decisions, and then it has become a social technology that touches all economic, administrative, social and technical variables in the world of business and finding the accounting treatments necessary for these variables and showing their implications accounting clearly. Insurance is a method or a way for people to make sure the compensation of the loss in life such as illness, damage loss in accident or another specified loss. When people register or use this method, it can cover all damage with a specified condition based on what plan that people register or take. The way of cover by insurance are by return of money or payment support for the damage. For example, a man suffer diabetes in his life, so when he register for an insurance plan, the insurance company will support this man by give the money support for that man to buy medicine or make a checkup at hospital. People that register to insurance agency, they have to pay to that agency by month. The payment cost is based on the plan that they pick. If the plan cover 100% damage the payment for monthly will be more expensive that plan that cover below than 100% damage. However, there are certain problem in insurance agency or company which are pre-existing condition and payment way by monthly or yearly. People are talking about the condition that are changing from the plan that they choose and face problem to make a problem online to certain insurance agency. Therefore, in this study, the paper focus to identify the key criteria of solution to solve this problem. The criteria of solution discussed hoping this solution will become a major guidelines to fix this problemin any insurance agency or company.

Keywords:

E-Payment,E-Commerce,Insurance System,Accounting Issues,

Refference:

I. 15 J.L. & Com. 375 (2009-2010) Insurance and the Pre-Existing Condition Problem(“Going Bare”).

II. Asokan, Nadarajah, et al. “The state of the art in electronic payment systems.” Computer 30.9 (1997): 28-35.

III. Bamansoor, S., Saany, S. I. A., y El-Ebiary, Y. A. B. (2020). The S-Commerce usage and acceptance modelling in Malaysia. 3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC, 9(1), 99-115. http://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2020.91.99-115.

IV. El-Ebiary, Y. A. B., & Al-Sammarraie, N. A. (2019). “Mobile Commerce Potentials and challenges – India Case Study”. (IJRTE), 8(IC2), pp. 1154-1157.

V. Harrell, Jeffrey. “Offline to online payment.” U.S. Patent Application No. 14/2018,(2)75.

VI. He, Lin, and Zongxia Liang. “Optimal financing and dividend control of the insurance company with fixed and proportional transaction costs.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 44.1 (2019): 88-94.

VII. PulseSolution (Ecommerce Methodology), (2018) 13(2).

VIII. Seita Almandeel, Waheeb Abu-Ulbeh, Ahmed Hassan Hassan, Yosef A.Baker El-Ebiary, Samer Bamansoor, Syarilla Iryani A. Saany. (2020). The Proficiency and Adequacy of Leadership in Operational Administration Level in Association. IJFGCN, 13(3), 1165–1170.

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Abstract:

The means of developing Islamic discourse, from engagement to websites and social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.), indicate that the direct means of Islamic discourse are many, including: Friday sermon, sermon, lecture, seminar, dialogue and debate. Among the most important innovative features of direct Islamic discourse: integration, balance, order of ideas, participation, compassion, civility, discussion, and attractiveness in presentation. The most important indirect means of Islamic discourse are the electronic means of communication through the Internet.Without doubt, the allocation of properties of the composition for the Quranic discourse helps to understand semantic, and that dosen’t mean the indication here as the first result from the composition, because this result was ascertaining in any level of expression, the composition of it came in a familiar style. What I meant was the second result, as launched by Abdul al-Qahir al-Jurjani (al-ma’ani al-Thawani) that does not happen to the range of mind’s perception except when they recite the composition with expressive capabilities, and composition movements. It was acknowledged that the context represents the foundation of indicators and its non-existence will lead to the scattered vocabularies that is not governed by; any relationship, because it does not connect to any context that can connect it to elements, consequently any analytical process for compositions will not be meaningful; because it is essential to depict the context with the analysis, and with the depiction of the context, the compositions obtains distinguish form in its expression’s vivacity, in which it widen different trends which some if it last long, and some displayed and some which occupy deeper subject, which contribute to its name of subject vivacity. The effect of this vivacity undoubtedly determines the understanding of indications of the Quranic discourse. the research presents characteristics of Quranic discourse commencing the meaning of discourse and its types, then presenting the distinguished style of discourse in the Holy Quran, its features and characteristics. then subject vivacity and this allocates the initial connections between subject vivacity and Quranic discourse and the consolation of this connection. finally conclude the important results followed by some recommendations.

Keywords:

The Internet,Websites,Online Speech,Social Media,Quranic Discourse,Rhetorical,

Refference:

I. ‘Ulum Al-Quran Al-Karim-Dr ‘Abd Al-Man’am Al-Namr-Dar Al-Kitab Al-Misri-1979

II. ‘Ulum Al-Quran- Dr ‘Abdullah Shahatah-Dar Al-I’tisam-3rd Edition-1985

III. Al-Asalib Al-InshaiyyahWaAsraruha Al-Balaghiyyah Fi Al-Quran Al-Karim Asst Prof SobahDarraz-Matba’ah Al-Amanah-Qaherah-1st Edition-1986

IV. Al-AshbahWa Al-Nazhair-Maqatil Ibn Sulaiman Al-Bulkhi-Tahqiq Dr Abdullah Shahatah-Al-Hai’ah Al-Misriyyah Al-‘Ammah Lil Al-Kitab-2nd Edition-1994

V. Al-Bahr Al-Muhit- Abu Hayyan Al-Tauhidi-Footnotes From Tafseer Al-Nahr Al-Mad Min Al-Bahr Li Abi Hayyan, Kitab Al-Dar Al-Laqit Min Al-Bahr Al-Muhit Li Al-Imam Tajuddin Al-Hanafi-Dar Al-Fikr-Beirut-2nd Edition-1983

VI. Al-Balaghah Al-Istilahiyyah-Dr ‘Abdu ‘Abd Al-‘Aziz Qalqaliyyah-Dar Al-Fikr Al-‘Arabiy-Qaherah-1989

VII. Al-Balaghah Al-Quraniyyah Fi Tafseer Al-ZamakhshariWaAtharuha Fi Dirasat Al-Balaghiyyah- Asst Prof Dr Muhammad Muhammad Abu Musa-Maktabah Wahbah-2nd Edition-1988

VIII. Al-Bayan Fi Al-Rawa’i’ Al-Quran- Asst Prof Tamam Hassan-‘Alim Al-Kutub-Qaherah-1st Edition-1993

IX. Al-Burhan Fi ‘Ulum Al-Quran- Badruddin Al-Zarkashi- Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah-Beirut-Lebanon- 1st Edition-1999

X. Al-Istifham Fi Al-Quran Al-Karim, DirasahUslubiyyah-Dr Tariq Shilbi-RisalahDukturah-Kulliyyah Al-Adab- Jami’ah ‘Ain Shams-1997

XI. Al-Itqan Fi ‘Ulum Al-Quran – Jalaluddin Al-Suyuthi- Dar Al-Nadwah Al-Jadidah- Beirut-Lebanon.

XII. Al-Jami’ Li Ahkam Al-Quraniy-Al-Qurtubi-Tahqiq Salim Mustafa Al-Badri-Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah-Beirut- 1st Edition

XIII. Al-Muharrir Al-Wajiz Fi Tafseer Al-Kutub Al-‘Aziz-Ibn ‘Atiyyah Al-Andalusi-Tahqiq Al-Majlis Al ‘Ilmi Of Taroudan-Maktabah Ibn Taimiyyah-Cairo-1992

XIV. Al-Tafseer Al-Tatbiqi “Manhaj ‘Ilmiy Li Dirasah Al-Nas Al-Quraniy- Dr Hussain Bashir Sadiq- Al-Dar Al-Sudaniyyah Li Al-Kutub- Khourtum-1st Edition-1995

XV. Al-Tahrir Wa Al-Tanwir-Muhammad Al-Tahir Ibn ‘Asyur-Dar Suhunun Li Al-NasyrWa Al-Tauzi’- Tunisia

XVI. Al-Tashil Li ‘Ulum Al-Tanzil-Ibn Jizzi- Al-Dar Al-‘Arabiyyah Li Al-Kitab

XVII. Al-Taswir Al-Fanni Fi Al-Quran Al-Karim-Sayyid Qutb

XVIII. Al-Zaman Fi Al-Quran Al-Karim, DirasahDilaliyyah Li Al-Af’al Al-WaridahFihi- Dr Bakri ‘Abd Al-Karim-Dar Al-Kitab Al-Hadith-2001

XIX. Anwar Al-TanzilWaasrar Al-Ta’wil-Al-Baidhawi- Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah-Beirut-Lebanon-1st Edition 2003

XX. Asalib Al-Nida’ Fi Al-Quran DirasahNassiyyah- Dr Muhammad Samir Murad-RisalahMajistir-Kulliyyah Al-Adab-Jami’ah’ainshams

XXI. Asbab Al-Nuzul- Abi Al-Hassan ‘Ali Ibn Ahmad Al-Wahidi-DirasahWaTahqiq Dr Al-Sayyid Al-Jamili- Dar Al-Rayyan Li Al-Turath.

XXII. BasoirDzawi Al-Tamayyuz Fi Lathoif Al-Kitab Al-‘Aziz-Al-Fairuz Abadi-TahqiqAbdulhalim Al-Thohawi- Al-Maktabah Al-‘Ilmiyyah-Beirut

XXIII. Buhjah Al-Arib Fi Bayan Ma Fi Kitabullah Al-‘Aziz Min Al-Gharib-Ibn Al-Turkamani-Tahqiq Marzuq ‘Ali Ibrahim-Al-Haiah Al-Misriyyah Al-‘Ammah Li Al-Kitab-2003

XXIV. Dalai’l Al-I’jaz ‘Abd Al-Qahir Al-Jurjani-Tahqiq Muhammad Khaffaji-Maktabahal-Qaherah-1990

XXV. Dilalat Al-TarakibDirasahBalaghiyyah-Muhammad Muhammad Abu Musa-Maktabah Wahbah-Cairo-3rd Edition-2004

XXVI. DirasatLughawiyyah Fi Al-Quran Al-Karim Wa-Qiraatihi-Dr Ahmadmukhtar Umar-‘Alim Al-Kutub-Cairo-1st Edition-2001

XXVII. Elsayed Mohamed Salem SalemElawadi, Zulazhan Ab. Halim, Najeeb Abbas Al-Sammarraie, Yousef Abubaker El-Ebiary, Bishwajeet Pandey, (2019). “Digitization of the Arabic Language Between Reality and Expectations”, (IJRTE), Volume-8 Issue-2S3, pp. 1151-1158.

XXVIII. Elsayed Mohamed Salem SalemElawadi, Zulazhan Ab. Halim, Najeeb Abbas Al-Sammarraie, Yousef Abubaker El-Ebiary, Bishwajeet Pandey, (2019). “The Impact of E-Learning in Teaching Arabic Language for Non-Native Speakers”, (IJRTE), Volume-8 Issue-2S3, pp. 1159-1162.

XXIX. ElsayedSalemm, Ragab Awad, Abdelsattar Ayoub, Abdelrahman Tahawi, Yousef A.Baker El-Ebiary, Bishwajeet Pandey. “The Importance of Rhetorical and the Technological Learning Solutions for Non-Arabic Speakers” Volume 82, Issue: January-February 2020, P: 16484 – 16492. (TEM).

XXX. Fath Al-Bayan Fi Maqasid Al-Quran- Sadiq Hassan Khan-Dar Al-Fikr Al-‘Arabiy-Cairo

XXXI. Fath Al-Qadir Al-Jami’ Baina Fanni Al-RiwayahWa Al-Dirayah Min ‘Ilm Al-Tafseer- Al-Shaukani-Dar Ibn Hazim-Beirut-1st Edition-2000

XXXII. Fi Zhilal Al-Quran- Sayyid Qutb-Dar Al-Shuruq-Cairo-16th Edition-1990

XXXIII. Hashiyah Al-Saja’i ‘Ala Al-Qitr-Al-Saja’i-Dar Ihya’ Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah ‘Isa Al-Halabi-1349

XXXIV. Hashiyah Al-Sawi ‘Ala Al-Jalalain-Ahmad Al-Sawi-Edition Dar Ihya’ Al-Kutub Al-‘Arabiyyah

XXXV. Irshad Al-‘Aql Al-Salim Ila Mazaya Al-Quran Al-Karim-Abu Al-Sa’ud Al-‘Umawi-Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah-Beirut-Lebanon- 1st Edition-1999

XXXVI. Jami’ Al-Bayan Fi Tafseer Al-Quran-Al-Tabari- Dar Al-Hadith-Qaherah-1987, Footnotes From Tafseergharaib Al-Quran Li Nazmuddin Al-Nisayuri

XXXVII. Khasais Al-Ta’bir Al-QuraniyWaSimatihi Al-Balaghiyyah- Dr ‘Abd Al-‘Azim Al-Mut’ini-MaktabahWahbah Qaherah-1st Edition-1992

XXXVIII. Khasais Al-TarakibDirasahTahliliyyah Li Masai’l ‘Ilmal-Ma’ani-Asst Prof Dr Muhammad Abu Musa- Maktabah Wahbah-Qaherah-3rd Edition-1980

XXXIX. Mafatih Al-Ghaib- Fakhruddin Al-Razi-Dar Al-Fikr-Beirut-3rd Edition-1985

XL. Qadhaya Fi ‘Ulum Al-Quran Tu’ayyin ‘Ala FahmDilalat Al-Nas- Dr Al-Sayyid Ahmad ‘Abd Al-Ghaffar- Dar Al-Ma’rifah Al-Jami’iyyah

XLI. Ragab Awad, Elsayed Salem, Abdelsattar Ayoub, Abdelrahman Tahawi, Yousef A.Baker El-Ebiary, Bishwajeet Pandey. “The Online Platform Mechanism and Characteristics in Arabic Language Tests for Non-Native Speakers” Volume 82, Issue: January-February 2020, P: 16473 – 16483. (TEM).

XLII. Rauh Al-Ma’ani Fi Tafseer Al-Quran Al-‘Azim Wa Al-Sab’ Al-Mathani-Al-Alusi-Tahqiq Abu ‘Abd Al-Rahman Fuad Ibn Siraj ‘Abd Al-Ghaffar-Al-Maktabah Al-Taufiqiyyah-Cairo

XLIII. Safwah Al-Tafaseer- Muhammad ‘Ali Al-Sabbuni-Dar Al-Sabbuni-Cairo-9th Edition

XLIV. Sahih Al-Bukhari-Al-Bukhari-Al-Majlis Al-A’la Li Al-Shuu’n Al-Islamiyyah-LajnajAkhbarKutub Al-Sunnah-Cairo-2nd Edition-1990

XLV. Tafseer Al-Kashaf- Al-Zamakhshari- Mansyurat Muhammad ‘Ali Baidhun- Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah-Beirut-Lebanon-1st Edition-1995

XLVI. Tafseer Al-Quran Al-‘Azim-Ibn Kathir-Maktabah Al-Saffa-Qaherah-1st Edition-2002

XLVII. Uslub Al-Muqabalah Fi Al-Quran Al-Karim-DirasahFanniyyahBalaghiyyahMuqaranah, Asst Prof Dr Kamal Abdul Aziz Ibrahim-RisalahMajistir- Kulliyyah Al-Adab- University Of Zakazik -1985

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Abstract:

It is extremely important for the participants to acquire the modern skills in the field of the main offices business, in addition to applying the latest behavioral and administrative skills, which must be available in the history of the VIPs and their writings. And in order to practice the process of knowledge and knowledge. The electronic archiving system is a system for storing important documents within an electronic system that saves time and effort in reviewing or requesting a document by searching for it via the document number or its history or anything that indicates it, whether the date it was preserved or the values that were preserved with it or anything that indicates to it such as The author, therefore the electronic archiving system is considered an advanced and very useful system not only for history but also for companies, institutions or government departments dispensaries or any entity that has documents and wants to convert them into electronic documents and deal with them within a program that archives paper documents and documents and disposal of papers and preservation traditional. by Abu Shamah a study and criticism.” This study aims to explore the method followed by Abu Shamah in his book “Al-Mudzil” ‘ala al-Raudhatain”, and to discuss the following features: History arranged based on yearly basis, scheduling historical events, and timely arrangements on a monthly basis in a year, connecting the past with the future of the historical events, proclamation of the mistakes of other people and corrections of these mistakes, considerations of figures, presentation on peculiar and miraculous events that he recorded, and explain the most important flaws on the recording method used by Abu Shamah. The most important result of this research is the explanation on the features of the method used by Abu Shamah in al-Mudzila’la al-Raudhatain together with evidences, and with that, readers are presented with an important historical article which demonstrate current social, economy, defence in accurate period of time in our Islamic history from 590-665 hijrah / 1194-1267 ce. The researcher recommends the study of Abu Syamah’s writings in history, Fiqh, Tafseer and language which its study and engagement shall give us many benefits and advantages that will contribute to knowledge and scholars and will uncover treasures and heritage of the original Arabs.

Keywords:

Electronic Archiving,Information systems,File Management,Recording Methods,Al-Mudzil,

Refference:

I. Abu Shamah, al-Raudhotain fi Akhbar al-Daulatain, v1, checked by Ibrahim al-Zibaq, 1st edition, 1997, Matba’ah al-Risalah, Beirut

II. Aby Shamah, al-Mudzil ‘Ala al-Raudhotain, v1, v2, checked by Ibrahim al-Zibaq, 2010, Daral-Bashair al-Islamiyyah, Damascus

III. Al-dawudi, thobaqat al-mufassirin,v1,and whatever next,dar al-kutub al-I’lmiyyah, Beirut, without date and publisher

IV. Al-Farahidi, kitab al-‘Ain, v3,Checked by Dr Mahdi al-Makhzumi, Dr Ibrahim al-Samarai’, without date and publisher

V. Al-Kutubi, Fawat al-Wafayat, V2, checked by Ihsan ‘Abbas,Darsodir Beirut, without year.

VI. Al-Marakishi, al-Mu’jib fi TalkhisAkhbar al-mugharrab, 3rd book, checked by al- Ustaz Muhammad Sa’id al-‘Uryan, Cairo, 1963.

VII. Al-Muwarra, Nafh al-Tayyib, V2, Checked by Ihsan ‘Abbas, Dar Sodir Beirut, 1988.

VIII. Al-Nisfi, Tafseer al-Nisfi,V4, Dar al-Fikr li al-Toba’ahwa al-Nasyr.

IX. Al-Qusyairi, Sohih Muslim, checked by al-sheikh Muhammad Fuad ‘Abd al-Baqi, Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabiy, Beirut.

X. Al-Sabaki, Tobaqot al-Shafi’iyyah al-Kubra, v8, ‘Abd al-Fattah al-Hulw-Mahmud al-Thonahi, Dar Ihya’ al-Kutub al-‘Arabiyyah, without date.

XI. Al-Safadi, al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat, v18, Checked by Ahmad al-Arnau’t, 1st edition, 1991, Dar Ihya’ al-Tharra’ al-‘Arabiy.

XII. Al-Suyuthi, bughyah al-Wa’ah fi Thobaqot al-Lughawiyyinwa al-Nuhah, v2, 2nd edition, Dar al-Fikr, 1979.

XIII. Al-Tabari, Tafseer al-Tabari, Mujallad 12, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1st edition, 1992

XIV. Al-Yafi’I, Mira’h al-Junan, V3, V4, 2nd Edition,1992, Cairo, Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiy.

XV. Al-Zahabi Tarikh al-Islam, wafayat al-masyahirwa al-a’lam, checked by Sa’id Abu ‘Aziz and others, volume 49, al-maktabah al-taufiqiyyah

XVI. Al-Zahabiy, al-‘abr, v3, checked by Abu Hajar Muhammad Sa’id, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, Beirut, without year

XVII. Al-Zahabiy, Sir A’lam al-nubala’,v6,v21, checked by Bashar ‘Awad, 10th edition, 1994, Muassasah al-Risalah.

XVIII. Al-Zarkali, al-A’lam, v3,v5, Dar al-‘Ilm li al-Malayiin, 10th edition, 1992

XIX. Elsayed Mohamed Salem SalemElawadi, Zulazhan Ab. Halim, Najeeb Abbas Al-Sammarraie, Yousef Abubaker El-Ebiary, Bishwajeet Pandey, (2019). “Digitization of the Arabic Language Between Reality and Expectations”, (IJRTE), Volume-8 Issue-2S3, pp. 1151-1158.

XX. Elsayed Mohamed Salem SalemElawadi, Zulazhan Ab. Halim, Najeeb Abbas Al-Sammarraie, Yousef Abubaker El-Ebiary, Bishwajeet Pandey, (2019). “The Impact of E-Learning in Teaching Arabic Language for Non-Native Speakers”, (IJRTE), Volume-8 Issue-2S3, pp. 1159-1162.

XXI. Hussain Kazim Khuyun, jurnal entitled: Al-Khawrizmiyyah fi Bilad al-Sham wa Al-Jazeerah (618-644h/1220-1246), Majallahdiyali li al-‘Ulum al-Insaniyyah, No 53,2011.

XXII. Ibn al-‘Imad, Shadzarat al-Zahab, v7, Checked by Mahmud al-Arnau’t, and ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Arnau’t, 1st edition, 1991, Dar ibn Kathir Damascus, Beirut

XXIII. Ibn al-athir, al-kamil fi tarikh, v12, darsodir, Beirut, 1982

XXIV. Ibn al-Kathir, al-Bidayahwa al-Nihayah, V17, Checked by Dr ‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Abd al-Muhsin al-Turkiy, Dar Hajr li al-Toba’ahwa al-Nasyri, in collaboration with Markaz al-Buhuth li al-Dirasah al-‘arabiyyahwa al-Islamiyyah, Cairo, 1 edition, 1998.

XXV. Ibn al-Wardi, Tarikh Ibn al-Wardi,V2, 1st edition,1996, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, Beirut

XXVI. Ibn khalkan, wafayat al-A’yan, v4, checked by Ihsan ‘Abbas darsodir, Beirut, 1971

XXVII. Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-‘Arab, Dar al-Fikr, without year.

XXVIII. Ibn qadhiShuhbah, thobaqot al-Shafi’iyyah, v2, 1st edition, 1979, Dairah al-Ma’arif al-‘Uthmaniyyah, Haidar Abad, al-Dukn, India

XXIX. Ibn taghribirdi, al-manhal al-sofi,v7, checked by Muhammad Muhammad Amin, 1993, markaztahqiq al-turath.

XXX. Ibn Taghribirdi, al-nujum al-zahirah,v6,published by dar al-kutub al-misriyyah 1999

XXXI. Majma’ al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah, al-Mu’jam al-Wasit, 4 edition, Maktabah al-Shuruq al-Duwaliyyah, 2004

XXXII. Ragab Aboumelih M. S., A. Ramadan M. A., A. Fathi Ramadan, Saad GommaZaghloul, M. Mustakim Bin Abd Halim, Yousef A. Baker El-Ebiary. “E-Learning and The Purpose of Maintaining the Mind in Islam and Its Impact On Teaching and Learning”. Volume 83, Issue: May – June 2020, P: 7596 – 7603. (TEM).

XXXIII. Ragab Aboumelih M. S., A. Ramadan M. A., A. Fathi Ramadan, Saad GommaZaghloul, M. Mustakim Bin Abd Halim, Yousef A.Baker El-Ebiary. “The Role of Social Media in The Spread of Information – A Study On the Endeavor Expansion Between the Appearance of Texts and The Sharia Intentions”. Volume 83, Issue: May – June 2020, P: 9913 – 9921. (TEM).

XXXIV. Yaqut al-Hamawiy, Mu’jam al-Buldan, V4, Dar sodir, Beirut

XXXV. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu’jam al-Udaba’, V6, 1st edition, 1993, Dar al-Gharb al-Islamiy, Beirut, Checked by Ihsan ‘Abbas

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Abstract:

OSS (Open Source Software) is a leading-edge technology which has a profound impact on Information Technology.  It has been observed via extent research that there are substantial barriers associated with OSS that thwart the wide adoption of OSS especially in the domain of mission critical software. Critical IT infrastructure is the backbone of any country. Any nation's economy, security, and health are totally dependent on the critical infrastructure. Critical IT infrastructure demands mission critical software to run their day to day work properly and efficiently. It has been observed that critical organizations are operating with proprietary software and are willing to adopt Open source software (OSS). Proprietary software comes with many issues like vendor dependencies, license cost and maintenance cost. This paper investigates the current trends of Critical IT infrastructure and identifies the barriers in OSS adoption in Critical IT Infrastructure Industry.

Keywords:

Open Source Software,Closed Source Software,Factors affecting adoption,Information Technology,

Refference:

I. A. Hafeez-Baig, S. Grist, and R. Gururajan, ‘Technology Management, Data management, Improved outcomes, Efficiency and Software limitation influencing the use of wireless technology for healthcare in Pakistan’, in 6th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS 2007), Jul. 2007, pp. 1104–1110, doi: 10.1109/ICIS.2007.177.
II. B. Buffett, ‘Factors influencing open source software adoption in public sector national and international statistical organisations’, presented at the Meeting on the Management of Statistical Information Systems (MSIS), Dublin, Ireland and Manila, Philippines, Apr. 2014.
III. C. M. Gichira, A. M. Kahonge, and E. K. Miriti, ‘Adoption of Open Source Software by Organizations – A Framework for Kenya’, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 25–32, Dec. 2012.
IV. C. J. Reynolds and J. C. Wyatt, ‘Open Source, Open Standards, and Health Care Information Systems’, J Med Internet Res, vol. 13, no. 1, Feb. 2011, doi: 10.2196/jmir.1521.
V. D. Nagy, A. M. Yassin, and A. Bhattacherjee, ‘Organizational adoption of open source software: barriers and remedies’, Communications of the ACM, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 148–151, Mar. 2010, doi: 10.1145/1666420.1666457.
VI. D. Di Ruscio and P. Pelliccione, ‘Simulating upgrades of complex systems: The case of Free and Open Source Software’, Information and Software Technology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 438–462, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2014.01.006.
VII. D. Petrov and N. Obwegeser, ‘Adoption Barriers of Open-Source Software: A Systematic Review’, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3138085, Mar. 2018. Accessed: Jul. 23, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3138085.
VIII. D. Silic, A. Back, and M. Silic, ‘Taxonomy of technological risks of open source software in the enterprise adoption context’, Info and Computer Security, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 570–583, Nov. 2015.
IX. E. Noroozi and H. Seifzadeh, ‘Proposing Novel Measures to Alleviate the Risks of Migration to Open Source Software’, in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, New York, NY, USA, 2018, pp. 134–139, doi: 10.1145/3177457.3177478.
X. H. Safadi, D. Chan, M. Dawes, M. Roper, and S. Faraj, ‘Open-source health information technology: A case study of electronic medical records’, Health Policy and Technology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 14–28, Mar. 2015.

XI. H. Schmuhl, O. Heinze, and B. Bergh, ‘Use of Open Source Software in Health Care Delivery – Results of a Qualitative Field Study. Contribution of the EFMI LIFOSS Working Group’, Yearb Med Inform, vol. 8, pp. 107–113, 2013.
XII. I. Khan et al., ‘Medical Drop Box (MDB); A National health information exchange and management system for medical industry’, THE PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL, vol. 23, no. 04, pp. 489–498, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.17957/TPMJ/16.3279.
XIII. J. Marsan, G. Paré, and A. Beaudry, ‘Adoption of open source software in organizations: A socio-cognitive perspective’, The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 257–273, Dec. 2012.
XIV. J. S. Norris and P.-H. Kamp, ‘Mission-Critical Development with Open Source Software: Lessons Learned’, in IEEE Softw., Jan. 2004, vol. 21, pp. 42–49, doi: 10.1109/MS.2004.1259211.
XV. K. Gurusamy and J. Campbell, ‘A Case Study of Open Source Software Adoption in Australian Public Sector Organizations’, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 2011.
XVI. L. Jin, S. Verma, and W. H. Chuang, ‘Deploying Mission Critical Learning Management System Using Open Source Software’, Seattle, Washington, 2012.
XVII. M. G. Yaseen and my M. Bahari, ‘A Theoretical Research Framework of Open Source Software Adoption in Malaysian University Information and Communications Technology Centers’, Journal of Information System Research and Innovation, vol. 8, pp. 75–82, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2014.01.006adoper.
XVIII. M. S. Qazi and M. Ali, ‘Pakistan’s health management information system: health managers’ perspectives’, J Pak Med Assoc, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 10–14, Jan. 2009.
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XXI. M. Silic and A. Back, ‘Identification and Importance of the Technological Risks of Open Source Software in the Enterprise Adoption Context’, in International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik, Osnabrück, Mar. 2015, pp. 1163–1176, Accessed: Oct. 22, 2018. [Online].
XXII. N. G. Chaudhry, S. Ilyas, A. Shahzad, A. Saleem, M. Rashid, T. A. Chaudhry, ‘An open source health care management system for Pakistan’, 2006, pp. 1–7.
XXIII. N. Benkeltoum, ‘Open source software adoption for safety-critical information systems design: the Thales case study
[Adoption de l’open source pour la conception de systems d’information critiques : le cas Thales]’, HAL, hal-01481687, 2016. Accessed: Nov. 29, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ideas.repec.org/p/hal/journl/hal-01481687.html.
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Abstract:

In this research article, we work with varieties of enriched semirings. The proposed study gives the structure of Square Absorption semirings satisfying  for all in S. We study the condition under which  is idempotent and/or   is idempotent. We also study the structure of this class of semirings under which additive reduct and multiplicative reductare positively totally ordered semirings.

Keywords:

Square Absorption Semiring,Idempotent semiring,Periodic,Zeroid,Right (left) regular,

Refference:

I. I. Chajda, H. Langer, (2015) On a variety of commutative multiplicatively idempotents semirings, Semigroup Forum, Springer Science+Businesss Media New York 2016.
II. I. Chajda, H. Langer, (2018) The variety of commutative additively and multiplicatively idempotent semirings, Semigroup Forum, 96:409-415.
III. J.S. Golan, Semirings and their Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordercht, 1999.
IV. Mariana Durcheva, A note on idempotent semirings, AIP Conference Proceedings 1789, 060006(2016);
V. M. Ren, X. Zhao (2016), The varieties of semilattice-ordered semigroups satisfying and , Period Math Hung, AkademiaiKiado, Budapest, Hungary 2016.
VI. M. Satyanarayana, “Positively Ordered Semigroups”, Lecture notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Marcel Dekker, Inc., Vol. 42(1979).
VII. M. Satyanarayana, “On the additive semigroup structure of semirings” Semigroup Forum Vol. 23(1981)7-4.
VIII. M. Satyanarayana “On the additive semigroup of ordered semirings” Semigroup Forum Vol.31(1985) 193-199.
IX. M. K. Sen, Y. Q. Guo, and K. P. Shum, A Class of Idempotent Semirings, Semigroup Forum, vol. 60(2000) 351-367.
X. M. Amala, T. Vasanthi, Idempotent Property of Semirings, International Journal of Pure Algebra-5(9), 2015, 156-159.
XI. N. Sulochana, T. Vasanthi, Structure of Some Idempotent Semirings, Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Vol.7(5), 294-301, May 2016.
XII. N. Sulochana, T. Vasanthi, Properties of Completely Regular Semirings, Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics (2016) 40: 923-930.
XIII. T. Vasanthi, Y. Mounikarchana and K. Manjula, Structure of Semirings, Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics (2011) 35: 149-156.
XIV. Y. Sha, M. Ren (2014), On the varieties generated by ai-semirings of order two, Semigroup Forum, Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014.
XV. Y. Guo, K. Shum, M. Sen (2003), The semigroup structure of left Clifford semirings, Acta Math. Sin. (Engl. Ser.), 2003, 19(4): 783-792.

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Abstract:

As the internet is rapidly evolving, communication technologies have become insecure, so several techniques is produced to solve this issue. The digital watermark technique is one of these techniques which provides the protection of property rights. This paper present a technique for image watermarking images that aim to improve the degree of robustness of the watermarking system against noise attacks, also to enhance the quality of the watermark image. In addition, logistic map chaotic is used in this technique to make sure the watermark image where the watermark is available only to a authorize user. This scheme is considered as a blind scheme for both cover image and watermark. Firstly, the watermark logo is encrypted with the logistic map chaotic and then encoded into a string of binary values, the secret image is embedded within another image, i.e. cover image by decomposition of the host image using Haar wavelet transform. The experimental results of the presented work indicate that elevated values of imperceptibility have been indicated via MSE and PSNR parameters. The robustness of image watermark have been evaluated via NC, also it has been indicated for having high robustness against attacks

Keywords:

Haar wavelet transform,Image watermarking,Logistic map chaotic,

Refference:

I. Cox, I., Miller, M., Bloom, J., Fridrich, J., and Kalker, T. Digital watermarking and steganography. Morgan kaufmann, 2007.‏
II. De, S., Bhaumik, J., Dhar, P., and Roy, K. “DCT-Based Gray Image Watermarking Scheme.” Communication, Devices, and Computing. Springer, Singapore, pp: 181-189, 2017.‏
III. D.M. Jose, R. Karuppathal, and A.V. Kumar, “Copyright Protection using Digital Watermarking.” Copyright Protection using Digital Watermarking, 2012, online: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ d536/5a1f9d8ae04f3932eec 02b898a91cd7aa0e1.pdf?_ga =2.23629 5046.623200384.1588546901-125568524.1547477851. Accessed 15-5-2020.
IV. Fiscella, M. Combining CMOS-based microelectrode arrays with genetic labeling to study visual processing in the retina. Diss. ETH Zurich, 2014.‏
V. Hamidi, M., El Haziti, M., Cherifi, H., and El Hassouni, M. “Hybrid blind robust image watermarking technique based on DFT-DCT and Arnold transform.” Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 77, No.20, pp: 27181-27214, 2018.‏
VI. Hsieh, M. S., Tseng, D. C., and Huang, Y. H. “Hiding digital watermarks using multiresolution wavelet transform.” IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, Vol. 48, No.5, pp: 875-882, 2001.

VII. ‏Kang, X. B., Zhao, F., Lin, G. F., & Chen, Y. J. “A novel hybrid of DCT and SVD in DWT domain for robust and invisible blind image watermarking with optimal embedding strength.” Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 77, No.11, pp: 13197-13224, 2018.
VIII. Mousavi, S. M., Naghsh, A., and Abu-Bakar, S. A. R.”Watermarking techniques used in medical images: a survey.” Journal of digital imaging, Vol. 27 No.6, pp: 714-729, 2014.
IX. Pandey, M. K., Parmar, G., Gupta, R., and Sikander, A. “Non-blind Arnold scrambled hybrid image watermarking in YCbCrcolor space.” Microsystem Technologies, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp: 3071-3081, 2019.‏
X. Pugar, F. H., and Arymurthy, A. M. “Blind Color Image Watermarking Based on 2-level Discrete Wavelet Transform, M-ary Modulation, and Logistic Map.” 2019 12th International Conference on Information & Communication Technology and System (ICTS), pp: 235-240, 2019.‏
XI. Parah, S. A., Loan, N. A., Shah, A. A., Sheikh, J. A., and Bhat, G.M. “A new secure and robust watermarking technique based on logistic map and modification of DC coefficient.” Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol.93, No.4, pp: 1933-1951, 2018.
XII. Patvardhan, C., Kumar, P., and Lakshmi, C. V. “Effective color image watermarking scheme using YCbCrcolor space and QR code.” Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 77, No.10, pp: 12655-12677, 2018.‏
XIII. Sabbane, F., and Tairi, H. “Medical image watermarking technique based on polynomial decomposition.” Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 78, No.23, pp: 34129-34155, 2019‏.
XIV. Singh, A. K., Dave, M., and Mohan, A. “Hybrid technique for robust and imperceptible multiple watermarking using medical images.” Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol.75, No.14, pp: 8381-8401, 2016.‏
XV. Soualmi, A., Alti, A., and Laouamer, L. “A new blind medical image watermarking based on weber descriptors and Arnold chaotic map.” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Vol. 43, No.12, pp: 7893-7905, 2018.
XVI. Sudibyo, U., Eranisa, F., Rachmawanto, E. H., and Sari, C. A. “A secure image watermarking using Chinese remainder theorem based on haar wavelet transform.” 2017 4th International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE). IEEE, pp: 208-212, 2017.‏
XVII. Trivedy, S., and Pal, A. K. “A logistic map-based fragile watermarking scheme of digital images with tamper detection.” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 41, No.2, pp: 103-113, 2017.
XVIII. Yu, G., and Zhao, X. J. “Study Based on Chaotic Encryption and Digital Watermarking Algorithm.” Recent Advances in Computer Science and Information Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp: 619-625, 2012.‏

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Abstract:

Major issue in cluster analysis is determining the number of clusters present in a data set. The automated identification of the number of clusters can be satisfactorily solved with very few techniques. Recent developments have resulted in a very popular visual mechanism for clustering trend determination (VAT, Visual Assessment of Clustering Tendency) in data sets. The techniques used for image processing depend on the structure of the VAT image, without using any cluster validity concept. High speed solutions can be found in conjunction with GAs from VAT approaches. This approach however depends on the ability of the index concerned to identify overlapping clusters.We will explain how VAT algorithms can be very quickly used to correctly determine the number of clusters. The implementation of the approaches proposed by taking cluster accuracy, cluster error and computational time as metrics.

Keywords:

Clustering Analysis,Cluster Accuracy,visual assessment,CCE,DBE,VAT,

Refference:

I. Ahmad A, Dey L (2007), K-Mean clustering algorithm for mixed numeric and categorical data. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 63(2), 503-527.2007.
II. Bandyopadhyay S, Saha S (2008), A point symmetry-based clustering technique for automatic evolution of clusters. Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions, 20(11), 1441-1457.2008.
III. Caliński T, Harabasz J (2012), A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Communications in Statistics-theory and Methods, 41(12),1-27.2012.
IV. Cattell R (1944) A note on correlation clusters and cluster search methods. Psychometrika, 9(3) (1944) 169-184.1994.11
V. G.Ravi Kumar, S.Rahamat Basha, Surya Bhupal Rao, “A Summarization on Text Mining Techniques for Information Extracting from Applications and Issues”, Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences,Special Issue, No.-5, 2020.
VI. I. J. Sledge and T. C. Havens and J. M. Huband and J. C. Bezdek and J. M. Keller, “Finding the number of clusters in ordered dissimilarities,” in Soft Computing, vol. 13, 2009, pp. 1125-1142.
VII. Liang Wang, Christopher Leckie, KotagiriRamamohanarao, and James Bezdek(2009), “Automatically Determining the Number of Clusters in Unlabeled Data Sets”, Fellow, IEEE, 21(3), 335-350.2009.
VIII. L. Wang and C. Leckie and R. Kotagiri and J. C. Bezdek, “Automatically Determining the Number of Clusters in Unlabeled Data Sets,” in IEEE Transaction on Knowledge and Data Syetems, vol. 21, 2009, pp. 335-350.
IX. Maimon O, Rokach L (2005), Decomposition methodology for knowledge discovery and data mining: Springer, pp 981-1003,2005.
X. S.Rahamat Basha, J. Keziya Rani “A Comparative Approach of Dimensionality Reduction Techniques in Text Classification” Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol. 9, No. 6, Dec 2019, PP:4974-4979.
XI. S.Rahamat Basha, J. Keziya Rani,JJC Prasad Yadav, “A Novel Summarization-based Approach for Feature Reduction, Enhancing Text Classification Accuracy” Engineering, Technology &Applied Science Research, Vol. 9, No. 6, Dec 2019, PP 5001-5005.
XII. S.Rahamat Basha, J. Keziya Rani, JJC Prasad Yadav, G.Ravi Kumar, “Impact of feature selection techniques in Text Classification:An Experimental study”, Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences, Special Issue, No.-3, September (2019) PP 39-51.
XIII. Surya Bhupal Rao, S.Rahamat Basha, “Chaotic Algorithm for Standard Image Encryption”, Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences, Special Issue, No.-3, September (2019).
XIV. Surya Bhupal Rao, S.Rahamat Basha, G.Ravi Kumar, “A Comparative approach of Text Mining: Classification, Clustering and Extraction Techniques”, Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences, Special Issue, No.-5,2020.
XV. T. Havens. J. C. Bezdek, J. M. Keller and M. Popescu, “Dunn’s cluster validity index as a contrast measure of VAT images,” in Proc ICPR, Tampa, FL, 2008.
XVI. Timothy C. Havens1, James C. Bezdek1, and James M. Keller1(2012), “A New Implementation of the co-VAT Algorithm for Visual Assessment of Clusters in Rectangular Relational Data”, Fellow, IEEE, 21(3), 335-350.2012.
XVII. Timothy C. Havens, Senior Member (2012), IEEE, and James C. Bezdek, “An Efficient Formulation of the Improved Visual Assessment of Cluster Tendency (iVAT) Algorithm”, Fellow, IEEE, 21(3), 335-350.2012.
XVIII. Zhang Z, Zhang J, Xue H (2008), Improved K-means clustering algorithm. In Image and Signal Processing, 2008. CISP’08. Congress on, Vol. 5, pp 169-172,2008.

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Abstract:

In this work, a new feature descriptor has been proposed for efficient CT Medical Image Retrieval (MIR). Non Subsampled Pyramid (NSP) of Non Sub-sampled Shearlet Transform (NSST) has been carried out for multiscale and multidirectional image decomposition into low and high frequency sub bands.A newfeature descriptor “Local Multiscale and Multidirectional Frequency Encoded Binary Pattern (LMSMDFEBP)” has been proposed to obtain the local directional information in each sub-bands of images.Feature vectors of database and query images have been obtained from the histogram of LMSMDFEBP. The Euclidean distance has been evaluated to analyse the similarity between query and database feature vectors. Two tests have been carried out on publicly available EXACT-09 and TCIA CT databases to assess the performance of proposed method. The proposed approach shows an improvement of ARP values 3.36% and 8.98% for the EXACT-09 and TCIA-CT respectively, compared with the existing Local Wavelet Pattern (LWP).

Keywords:

Medical Image Retrieval,Non Sub-sampled Shearlet Transform,Local Multiscale and Directional Frequency Encoded Binary Pattern,Local Wavelet Pattern,Euclidean distance,

Refference:

I. Bamberger, R.H.; Smith, M.J.T. A filter bank for the directional decomposition of images: Theory and design. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 1992, 4, 882–893.
II. Clark K, Vendt B, Smith K, Freymann J, Kirby J, Koppel P, Moore S, Phillips S, Maffitt D, Pringle M, Tarbox L, and Prior F (2013). “The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA): maintaining and operating a public information repository,” Journal of Digital Imaging, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1045-1057.
III. Da Cunha, A.L.; Zhou, J.; Do, M.N. The nonsubsampled contourlet transform: Theory, design, and applications. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 2006, 10, 3089–3101.
IV. Deep G, Kaur L, Gupta S (2016) Directional local ternary quantized extrema pattern: a new descriptor for biomedical image indexing and retrieval. Eng Sci Technol Int J 19:1895–1909
V. Dubey SR, Singh SK, SinghRK(2015) Local diagonal extrema pattern: a new and efficient feature descriptor for CT image retrieval. IEEE Signal Process Lett 22(9):1215–1219
VI. Dubey SR, Singh SK, Singh RK (2016) Local bit-plane decoded pattern: a novel feature descriptor for biomedical image retrieval. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 20(4):1139–1147
VII. G. Easley, D. Labate, and W. Q. Lim (2008). “Sparse directional image representation using the discrete shearlet transforms,” Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 25(1), 25–46.
VIII. Kellokumpu, V., Zhao, G. and Pietikäinen, M. (2011), Recognition of Human Actions Using Texture Descriptors. Machine Vision and Applications 22(5):767-780.
IX. Kong, Weiwei & Liu, Jianping. (2013). Technique for image fusion based on nonsubsampled shearlet transform and improved pulse-coupled neural network. Optical Engineering. 52. 7001-10.1117/1.OE.52.1.017001.
X. Li, L.; Si, Y. A Novel Remote Sensing Image Enhancement Method Using Unsharp Masking in NSST Domain. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 2016, 44, 1–11.
XI. L. Li, Y. Si, and Z. Jia, “Medical image enhancement based on CLAHE and unsharp masking in NSCT domain,” Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 431– 438, 2018.
XII. Lo P, Van Ginneken B, Reinhardt J M, Yavarna T, De Jong P A, Irving B, and De Bruijne M (2012). “Extraction of airways from CT (EXACT’09),” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2093-2107.
XIII. Miranda, Eka et al. “A survey of medical image classification techniques.” 2016 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) (2016): 56-61.
XIV. Murala S, and Wu Q J (2013). “Local ternary co-occurrence patterns: a new feature descriptor for MRI and CT image retrieval,” Neurocomputing, vol. 119, pp. 399–412.
XV. Murala S, and Wu Q (2014). “Local mesh patterns versus local binary patterns: biomedical image indexing and retrieval,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 929–938.
XVI. Murala S, Maheshwari R, and Balasubramanian R (2012) “Local tetra patterns: a new feature descriptor for content-based image retrieval,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 2874–2886.
XVII. Murala, Subrahmanyam & Maheshwari, R.P. & Raman, Balasubramanian. (2011). Directional Binary Wavelet Patterns for Biomedical Image Indexing and Retrieval. Journal of medical systems. 36. 2865-79. 10.1007/s10916-011-9764-4.
XVIII. N. Zhang, P.Wang, and X. Zong, “A novel peripheral enhancement framework for CT and MRI image fusion in NSST domain,” Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, vol.8, no. 5, pp. 891–899, 2018.
XIX. Quellec G, Lamard M, Cazuguel G, Cochener B, Roux C (2010) Wavelet optimization for content-based image retrieval in medical databases. Med Image Anal 14(2):227–241
XX. Quellec G, Lamard M, Cazuguel G, Cochener B, Roux C (2012) Fast wavelet-based image characterization for highly adaptive image retrieval. IEEE Trans Image Process 21(4):1613–1623

XXI. Raj, S.; Nair, M.; Subrahmanyam, G (2017) Satellite Image Resolution Enhancement Using Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform and Clustering on Subbands. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 45, 979–991.Ojala, Timo et al. “A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions.” Pattern Recognit. 29 (1996): 51-59.
XXII. S. Murala, R. P. Maheshwari and R. Balasubramanian, “Local Tetra Patterns: A New Feature Descriptor for Content-Based Image Retrieval,” in IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 21(5), pp. 2874-2886, May 2012.doi: 10.1109/TIP.2012.2188809
XXIII. S. R. Dubey, S. K. Singh and R. K. Singh, “Local Wavelet Pattern: A New Feature Descriptor for Image Retrieval in Medical CT Databases,” in IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 24(12), pp. 5892-5903,December2015.doi: 10.1109/TIP.2015.2493446.
XXIV. T. Ahonen, A. Hadid and M. Pietikainen, “Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition,” in IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,28(12), pp. 2037-2041, Dec. 2006.
doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2006.244
XXV. Tan X, and Triggs B (2010). “Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1635–1650.
XXVI. Wang, Z.; Yang, F.; Peng, Z.; Chen, L.; Ji, L. Multi-sensor image enhanced fusion algorithm based on NSST and top-hat transformation. Opt.-Int. J. Light Electron. Opt. 2015, 126, 4184–4190.
XXVII. Wu, Y.; Yin, J.; Dai, Y. Image Enhancement in NSCT Domain Based on Fuzzy Sets and Artificial Bee Colony Optimization. J. S. China Univ. Technol. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 2015, 43, 59–65.
XXVIII. Zhang B, Gao Y, Zhao S, and Liu J (2010). “Local derivative pattern versus local binary pattern: face recognition with high-order local pattern descriptor,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 533–544.

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Abstract:

Commodity derivatives are risk management tools and are contracts built on commodities which will have transaction on the same day and settlement in the future. Futures are one among the derivative products which does the role of hedging and helps in price discovery of the underlying commodity. If the futures price of a commodity has to converge to the spot price in order to discover the price, information that affects the demand and supply factors leading to convergence need to be focused. Past research posted the establishment of organized futures exchanges, their role in price discovery with respect to some commodities as well as commodity indices.  But the evidences are neither comprehensive nor conclusive in any manner. Empirical research on the subject over the last decade showed that the introduction of derivatives contracts improved the liquidity and reduced informational asymmetries in the market to some extent. Researchers attempted to find the impact of price information dissemination on price discovery and hence the benefits to market participants, both producers and consumers. In this study authors attempted to evaluate the problem of information dissemination across market players in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states with special reference to maize. Maize the ‘queen of cereals’, is the hope of India as a substitute to rice and wheat, to mitigate the shortage of million tonnes of food material that Indians will be facing very soon. It is known that maize futures which were given by both NCDEX and MCX platforms were serving the roles and in the recent times no new contracts were announced. This research tries to check whether the Information Dissemination Project implemented by Central Government of India, with help of commodity derivative exchanges was successful in disseminating the right information, at right time with right approach/tools, whether the stake holders got benefitted with information and maize futures and finally it tries to study whether the maize futures have helped in price discovery?  The study is done with the help of primary data collected through questionnaires and secondary data collected through NCDEX and other spot markets. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and E-Views are used to test the hypotheses framed hence, to prove the role of maize futures as a risk management and price discovery tool. Authors came out with the conclusion that maize futures do the role and future contracts can be rolled on for benefit of all the stakeholders

Keywords:

Commodity Futures,Price Discovery,Risk Management ,Price information Dissemination,

Refference:

I. Ali, Jabir and Gupta, KritiBardhan. “Agricultural Price Volatility and Effectiveness of Commodity Futures Markets in India”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 62, No.3, pp. 537, 2011
II. Angad Singh Maravi&HarisinghGour. “Performance Analysis of Indian Agricultural Commodity Market”, International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management (IJCBM), Vol. 4, No.2, pp. 1125-1135, 2015.
III. Amrutha C.P. “Market information system and its application for Agricultural commodities in Karnataka state – A case of onion”. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/80770/1/th9838.pdf, 2009.
IV. AthmaPrashanta& K. P. VenugopalaRao. “Agricultural commodity derivatives in India: A study of mentha oil futures”, Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, Vol:3, Issue: 8, pp. 197- 214. 2013.
V. Dr. Sunitha Ravi. “Price Discovery and Volatility Spillover in Indian Commodity Futures Markets Using Selected Commodities”, PARIPEX Indian Journal of Research, Vol: 2, Issue: 12, pp. 128-130, 2013.
VI. G. Ranganath, P.K. Mandanna& S. Kumar, “Structure and Competitiveness of the Maize market in Davanagere”, International Journal of Commerce and Business Management,Vol:6, Issue 1, April, 2013, pp.111-113, 2013.
VII. Jackline, S. and Deo, M. “Lead Lag Relationship between Futures and Spot Prices”, Journal of Economics and International Finance, Vol. 3 No 7, pp. 424-427, 2011.
VIII. K. Singha& A. Chakravorty, “Crop diversification in India: a study of maize cultivation in Karnataka”, Scientific Journal of Review Vol:2, Issue 1,pp. 1-10, 2013.
IX. MudigondaRaju. “Agricultural Marketing system in Telangana State –A Study”, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies (SRJIS), Vol:4 No 26, pp.3050-3057, 2016.
X. Mohan Paramkusam&Sivaramane. “A Socio-Economic Status of Maize Farmers of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India”, Indian Journal of Economics and Development, Vol: 4 No6, pp. 01-06, 2016.
XI. Narendra Singh Manohar, A. K. Dikshit& B. S. Reddy, “Marketing Pattern of Maize’ An Insight Household Survey Results in India: A Case Study”,International Journal of Retailing & Rural Business Perspectives, Vol: 2, Number 1, pp. 319-324, 2013.

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Abstract:

FMCG have attracted Indian villagers. When the urban demands for the FMCG goods are getting saturated, the FMCG companies looks at this development as an opportunity. The untapped rural market is fast becoming a major attraction to many domestic and foreign organizations.  But they lack in getting required support from the concerned Government Departments, Banks and other financial institutions and corporates, which is handicap in becoming more competitive in the national and international markets. The rural market, thus are the growth engines of Indian economy, a number of international brands are entering in to India which is one of the fastest growing and highly competitive markets in the world. Though, most of the global firms failed to understand the needs of Indian consumers as well as the market characteristics but there are a few of them who have been successful in positioning their brands into the Indian market because they attempt to understand well the needs of target group before introducing a brand into the market. Even some of the most successful brands in today’s time had committed several blunders or mistake while initially entering into Indian market.

Keywords:

FMCG,India,Rural market,Consumers,Global firms,

Refference:

I. Anandam. C, Prasanna. M & Madhu. S. “A study of brand preferences of washing soaps in rural areas”. Indian Journal of Marketing, Vol: (3), March, Pp. 30-37, 2007
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