Archive

Abstract:

The dynamic of the heat transfer analysis constitutes an important factor that has drawn the attention of many researchers. Heat transfer is evaluated by considering the heat transfer coefficient, the surface area, and the temperature difference between the surface and the surrounding fluid. The computation of the temperature difference across various surface areas shows that increased heat transfer enhances the proportion of the heat conduction rate. In most cases, the system becomes unstable because inappropriate structural elements and outside disturbances, like ambient temperature can readily change the yielding temperature. As a result, the heat exchanger's efficiency needs improvement. A numerical simulation analyzing the performance of a shell and tube heat exchanger indicates that an increase in the surface area leads to a corresponding increase in the heat transfer rate. To optimize system performance, mathematical models were employed for the stability analysis of temperature changes. MATLAB simulations computed temperature differences in quantities of heat and area, thereby obtaining valuable insights for improving heat exchanger design and operation.  

Keywords:

Heat Exchanger,Lyapunov Methods,Numerical,Shell and Tube,Temperature,Stability,

Refference:

I. Abduljalil, A. A., Sohif, B. M., Sopian, K., Sulaiman, M. Y., and Abdulrahman, T. M. ‘CFD applications for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage: a Review’. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2013): 353-363.
II. Abdulrahman, A. A., Emhemed., Rosbi, B. M., and Dirman, H. ‘Mathematical Modelling of Industrial Heat Exchanger System’. Applied Mechanics and Materials, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland 229, no. 23 1 (2012): 2122-2124.
III. Babu, C. R., and Gugulothu, S. K. ‘CFD Analysis of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Passive Technique in Heat Exchanger’. International Journal Recent Advances Mechanical Engineering 4, (2015): 99–111.
IV. Borja-Jaimes, V, Adam-Medina, M, García-Morales, J, Cruz-Rojas, A, Gil-Velasco, A and Coronel-Escamilla, A. ‘A Novel Fractional Multi-Order High-Gain Observer Design to Estimate Temperature in a Heat Exchange Process’. Axioms (MDPI), (2023): 1-19, 10.3390/axioms12121107
V. Caputo, A. C., Pelagagge, P. M., and Salini, P. ‘Heat Exchanger Design Based on Economic Optimisation’. Application Thermodynamics Engineering, (2008): 1151–1159.
VI. Dolado, P., Lazaro, A., Marin, J. M., & Zalba, B. ‘Characterization of Melting and Solidification in a Real Scale PCM-Air Heat Exchanger: Numerical Model and Experimental Validation’. Energy Conversion Management, (2011): 1890-1907.
VII. Dubovsky, V., Ziskind , G., and Letan, R. ‘Numerical Study of a PCM-Air Heat Exchanger’s Thermal Performance’. Application Thermodynamics Engineering, (2011): 3453-6247.
VIII. Fallahnezhad, N., and Nasif, H. R. ‘Numerical Solution of Transient Freezing Equations of a Laminar Water Flow in a Channel with Constant Wall Temperature in the Absence of Gravity’. Microgravity Science and Technology 32, (2020): 493–505.
IX. Fernandes, E. J., and Krishnamurthy, S. H. ‘Design and Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger’. International Journal Simulation Multi-discipline Design Optimization, (2022): 1-15.
X. Guillaume, D. Modeling and Analysis of Dynamics System. Switzerland: Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control (IDSC) ETH Zurich, 2017.
XI. Hewitt, G. F., Shires, G. L., and Bott, T. R. Process Heat Transfer: Principles and Applications. CRC Press, 2020
XII. Idris, A. A., Adeyemi, K., and Lawal, N. ‘Numerical Investigation of Transient Heat Transfer Process in Organic Phase Change Material (OPCM) – Air heat Exchanger’. Uniabuja Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (2020).: 91-114.
XIII. Jamal-Eddine, S., Tarik, Z., Ahmed, A, M., Merzouki, S., Najim, S. ‘Numerical investigations of the impact of a novel tubular configuration on the performance enhancement of heat exchangers’. Journal of Energy Storage 46 (2022): 10381. 10.1016/j.est.2021.103813
XIV. Jain, K., Iyenger, S. R., and Jain, R. K. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computations. New York City: New Age International Publication Ltd, (2007).
XV. Jaya Chandran, T. R. ‘Analysis of Fin and Tube Heat Exchanger for Liquid-to-Liquid Heat Transfer Applications’. International Journal Engineering Research Technology 3, (2014): 359–362. Available online: www.ijert.org (accessed on 4 Oct., 2023).
XVI. Khan , K., Shah, I., Gul, W., Khan, T. A., Ali , Y., and Masood, S. A. ‘Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger with Round and Hexagonal Tubes’. Energies (MDPI), (2023): 1-14.
XVII. Kishan, R., Singh, D., and Sharma, A. K. ‘CFD Analysis of Heat Exchanger Models Design using Ansys fluent’. International Journal Mechanical Engineering Technology 11 (2020): 1–9.
XVIII. Kumar, P. M., & Chandrasekar, M. ‘CFD Analysis on Heat and Flow Characteristics of Double Helically Coiled Tube Heat Exchanger Handling (Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes) MWCNTs/water Nanofluids’. Heliyon 5 (2019).: 20-30.
XIX. Labat , M., Virgone, J., David , D., and Kuznik, F. ‘Investigation of Heat Transfer Inside a PCM-Air Heat Exchanger: A Numerical Parametric Study’. Application of Thermodynamics Engineering, 66 (2014): 375-382.
XX. McGregor, J. Heat exchanger Design Handbook. John Wiley & Sons, (2019).
XXI. Olisa , Y., Fadayini, O., and Kotingo, K. ‘Numerical Approach for Estimating the Length of Boiler Tube for a Small Scale Solid Waste Fired Steam Boiler’. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) 6, no. 5 (2022): 17-22.
XXII. Olutimo, A. L., Bosede , A. O., and Omoko, I. D. ‘On the Existence of Periodic or Almost Periodic Solutions of a Kind of Third-order Nonlinear Delay Differential Equations’. Journal Nigerian Association. Maths and Physics, (2020).
XXIII. Omidi, M., Farhadi, M., and Jafari, M. ‘A Comprehensive Review on Double Pipe Heat Exchangers’. Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017).: 1075-109
XXIV. Patil, P. M., Albert, S., and Hiremath, P. S. ‘Analysis of Unsteady Mixed Convection Triple Diffusive Transport Phenomena’. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, (2019): 773-789.
XXV. Ravikumar, K., Raju, C. N., Saheb, M., Singh, N., and Ali, R.. ‘CFD Analysis of Condensation Heat Transfer in Helical Coil Heat Exchanger’. SSRN Electrons Journal 3 (2019): 1-8.
XXVI. Sharma, S., Singh, M., Singh, P., Sing, R., Maharana, S., . . . Issakhov, A. ‘Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Flow Patterns, Pressure Drop, and Heat Transfer Coefficient in Staggered and Inline Shell-Tube Heat Exchangers’. Mathematical Problem Engineering, (2021): 6645128.
XXVII. Singh, G., and Kumar, H. ‘Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger’. Journal Civil Engineering Environment Technology, (2014): 66–70.
XXVIII. Smith, R. Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations: Finite Difference and Finite Volume Methods. U.K, London: Oxford University Press, (2018).
XXIX. Takuya, S., and Koichi, Y. ‘Extended Over–Stressed Model and its Implicit Stress Implication Algorithm: Formulations, Experiments and Simulations’. International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 123 (2021): 291 – 303,
XXX. Waini, I., Ishak, A., and Pop, I. ‘Hybrid Nano-Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Over a Nonlinear Permeable Stretching/Shrink’. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 29 no. 2 (2019): 789-796.
XXXI. Xu, X., Zhang, X., Ke, P., Wang, C., Yang, H., and Yan, C. ‘Study on the Heat Transfer Characteristic of Compact Heat Exchanger Based on Experimental Data’. Procedia Engineering, (2015): 293–299.
XXXII. Zalba , B., Marin , J. M., Cabeza , L. F., & Mehling , H. ‘Free Cooling of Buildings with Phase Change Materials’. International Journal Refrigeration 27 (2004): 839-849.

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Abstract:

The Present paper deals with a special type of interpolation problem, in which we have prescribed the values of the function at K_i and K_i+1 and the whole interval is divided into n equal sub-intervals of width.. We will derive a spline function of Degree 3 which will be able to interpolate this polynomial function, we name it three point spline (TPS). We have shown here how to change the next control point during further interpolation. We have also discussed the case, of whether this spline can be used for evaluating curvature. 

Keywords:

Interpolation,Spline Function,Control points,Norm,Quadrature & Parameterization,

Refference:

I. Ahlberg J.H., Nilson E. N. Walsh J. L. : ‘Theory of Splines and Their Applications.’ Mathematics in Science and Engineering. Chapter IV. 1967 Academic Press, New York, https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3bZlDAAAQBAJ&lpg=PR5&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false
II. Burova, I. G. , : “On left integro-differential splines and Cauchy problem.” International Journal Of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences. vol. 9, pp. 683-690, 2015.https://www.naun.org/main/NAUN/ijmmas/2015/b582001-015.pdf
III. Burova I.G., Poluyanov S.V., : “On approximations by polynomial an trigonometrical integro-differential splines”, International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences. vol.10, pp.190-199, 2016. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27154016
IV. Chikwendu C. R., Oduwole H. K.and Okoro S. I., : “An Application of Spline and Piecewise Interpolation to Heat Transfer (Cubic Case).” Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling.” Vol.5, No.6, 2015. https://issuu.com/alexanderdecker/docs/an_application_of_spline_and_piecew.
V. Christian G¨otte, Martin Keller, Till Nattermann, Carsten, Haß, Karl-Heinz Glander andTorstein Bertram. : “Spline-Based Motion Planning for Automated Driving.” (2017). IFAC conference paper available online at www.sciencedirect.com
VI. Ogniewski Jens, C1-continuous. : “Low-complex spline using 3 control points, In motion in games.” 2013. https://otik.uk.zcu.cz/bitstream/11025/35603/1/Ogniewski.pdf
VII. Pandey Ambrish Kumar, Ahmad Q S, Singh Kulbhushan. : “Lacunary Interpolation (0, 2; 3) Problem and Some Comparison from Quartic Splines.” American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics. Vol. 1(6),pp. 117-120, 2013. 10.12691/ajams-1-6-2
VIII. P. Ciarlet Schultz M. and Varga, R. : “Numerical method of high-order accuracy for non linear boundary value problems.” Numer Math. Vol. 9 pp. 394-430. 1967. 10.1007/BF02162155
IX. Rashidinia, J. And Golbabaee A., : “Convergence of numerical solution of a fourth order Boundary value problem,” Applied Mathamatics and Computation. Vol. 171. Pp. 1296-1305, 2005. 10.1016/j.amc.2005.01.117
X. Siddiqi. S.S. G. Akram and S. Nazeer. : ‘Quntic Spline solution of linear fifth order boundary Value problems.’ Applied Mathematics and Computation.’ Vol. 196: pp. 214-220. 2008. 10.1016/j.amc.2007.05.060
XI. Singh Kulbhusan, : “A Special Quintic Spline for (0 1 4) Lacunary Interpolation and Cauchy Initial Value Problem.” Journal of Mechanics Of Continua and Mathematical Sciences. Vol. -14(4), pp 533-537, 10.26782/jmcms.2019.08.00044
XII. Singh Kulbhushan, Pandey Ambrish Kumar (2016) “Lacunary Interpolation at odd and Even Nodes”, International J. of Comp. Applications. Vol. (153) 1, 6. 10.5120/ijca2016910026
XIII. Singh K. B., Pandey Ambrish Kumar and Ahmad Qazi Shoeb, (2012 ) “Solution of a Birkhoff Interpolation problem by a special Spline Function”, International J. of Comp. App.Vol.48, 22-27. 10.5120/7376-0174
XIV. W. Bickley, (1968), “Piecewise cubic interpolation and two point boundary value problems”. The Computer journal 11 206-208. 10.1093/comjnl/11.2.206

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Abstract:

In recent times, several sectors and businesses have been doing extensive research on the usage of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and Radio Frequency Over Fiber (RFOF). These two technologies are considered to be the most significant features. Increasing the data rate was a significant challenge that needed to be addressed, and the goal was to successfully implement a fiber optic system that was dependable and had a high number of associated channels. As a consequence of this, a 64-channel DWDM RFOF system that is capable of supporting a larger number of data rates of 2.56 Tbps has been designed and implemented in this study. A significant number of channels that have been sampled will be chosen for inquiry based on the characteristics of Quality Factor (QF) and Bit Error Rate (BER) that have been researched. This study will be carried out with the assistance of Optisystem software. These findings would be investigated at distances ranging from sixty to one hundred eighty kilometers, with the NRZ modulation format being used and a lunched power of zero decibels per meter. Additionally, the purpose of this study would be to explore the three distinct techniques of compensation, namely pre, post, and symmetrical, to quantify the individual performance of each approach on the suggested system. According to the findings, the use of symmetrical-based compensation yielded the most favorable outcomes, with the average QF produced falling within the range of (20.33-14.09) dBm over distances ranging from (60-180) kilometers. This demonstrates the dependability of the proposed system.

Keywords:

Bit Error Rate,Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing,Fiber Optic System,Frequency Over Fiber,

Refference:

I. Abdulwahid, M. M., Abdullah, H. K., Ateah, W. M., & Ahmed, S. (2023). Implementation of Automated Water based Level Management Model by using SCADA system and PLC.
II. Abdulwahid, M. M., & Kurnaz, S. (2023). The channel WDM system incorporates of Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) hybrid MDM-PDM for higher capacity (LEO-GEO) inter satellite link. Optik, 273, 170449.
III. Abdulwahid, M. M., & Kurnaz, S. (2023, July). Implementation of two polarization DQPSK WDM Is-OWC system with different precoding schemes for long-reach GEO Inter Satellite Link. In International Conference on Green Energy, Computing and Intelligent Technology (GEn-CITy 2023) (Vol. 2023, pp. 134-141). IET.
IV. Abdulwahid, M. M., Kurnaz, S., Türkben, A. K., Hayal, M. R., Elsayed, E. E., & Juraev, D. A. (2024). Inter-satellite optical wireless communication (Is-OWC) trends: a review, challenges and opportunities. Engineering Applications, 3(1), 1-15.
V. Abdulwahid, M. M., & Kurnaz, S. (2024, February). The utilization of different AI methods-based satellite communications: A survey. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3051, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
VI. Almetwali, A. S., Bayat, O., Abdulwahid, M. M., & Mohamadwasel, N. B. (2022, November). Design and analysis of 50 channel by 40 Gbps DWDM-RoF system for 5G communication based on fronthaul scenario. In Proceedings of Third Doctoral Symposium on Computational Intelligence: DoSCI 2022 (pp. 109-122). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
VII. Ballato, J., & Dragic, P. D. (2021). Glass: The carrier of light—Part II—A brief look into the future of optical fiber. International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 12(1), 3-24.‏
VIII. Bhattacharjee, R., Dey, P., & Saha, A. (2022). Implementation of an enhanced 32 channel 256Gbps DWDM based Radio over Fiber optical system for constricted channel spacing employing Fiber Bragg Grating. Optik, 168598.‏
IX. F. Abayaje et al., “A miniaturization of the UWB monopole antenna for wireless baseband transmission,” vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 256-262, 2020.
X. H. A. Hussein, Y. S. Mezaal, and B. M. Alameri, “Miniaturized microstrip diplexer based on fr4 substrate for wireless communications,” Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 34-40, 2021.
XI. J. Ali and Y. Miz’el, “A new miniature Peano fractal-based bandpass filter design with 2nd harmonic suppression 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Microwave,” Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, Beijing, China, 2009.
XII. Jain, Vishal & Bhatia, Richa. (2021). Review on nonlinearity effect in radio over fiber system and its mitigation. Journal of Optical Communications. 10.1515/joc-2021-0044.
XIII. Kumar, G., & Kumar, S. (2020). Effect of different channel spacings for DWDM system using optical amplifiers. National Academy Science Letters, 1-4.‏
XIV. Kumar, G., & Kumar, S. (2021). Effect of different channel spacings for DWDM system using optical amplifiers. National Academy Science Letters, 44(5), 415-418.
XV. Malak A.A.R & Kurnaz S. (July 2021) ” Design and Implementation of high data rate system based DWDM – RoF technique for 5G Front haul Communication”, Aurum Journal of Engineering system and architecture.
XVI. Mezaal, Y. S., H. T. Eyyuboglu, and J. K. Ali, “A novel design of two loosely coupled bandpass filters based on Hilbert-zz resonator with higher harmonic suppression,” in 2013 Third International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ACCT), 2013.
XVII. Mohsen, D. E., Hammadi, A. M., & Alaskary, A. J. (2021, July). Design and Implementation of 1.28 Tbps DWDM based RoF system with External Modulation and Dispersion Compensation Fiber. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1963, No. 1, p. 012026). IOP Publishing.‏
XVIII. Mohsen, D. E., Abbas, E. M., & Abdulwahid, M. M. (2022, June). Design and Implementation of DWDM-FSO system for Tbps data rates with different atmospheric Attenuation. In 2022 International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
XIX. Mohsen, D. E., Abbas, E. M., & Abdulwahid, M. M. (2023). Performance Analysis of OWC System based (S-2-S) Connection with Different Modulation Encoding. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 11(4s), 400-408.
XX. Raikar, A., Jirage, A., & Narake, A. (2019). A survey: Dispersion compensation techniques for optical fiber communication. Int. J., 15.
XXI. Suresh, H. R., Vinitha, V., Girinath, N., & Karthick, R. (2021). Suppression of four wave mixing effect in DWDM system. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 2707-2712.‏
XXII. S. Roshani et al., “Design of a compact quad-channel microstrip diplexer for L and S band applications,” Micromachines, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 553, 2023.
XXIII. S. Roshani, S. I. Yahya, B. M. Alameri, Y. S. Mezaal, L. W. Liu, and S. Roshani, “Filtering power divider design using resonant LC branches for 5G low-band applications,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 12291, 2022.
XXIV. S. I. Yahya et al., “A New Design Method for Class-E Power Amplifiers Using Artificial Intelligence Modeling for Wireless Power Transfer Applications,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 21, p. 3608, 2022.
XXV. S. A. AbdulAmeer et al., “Cyber Security Readiness in Iraq: Role of the Human Rights Activists,” International Journal of Cyber Criminology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1–14-1–14, 2022.
XXVI. Tarrad , K. M. et al., “Cybercrime Challenges in Iraqi Academia: Creating Digital Awareness for Preventing Cybercrimes,” International Journal of Cyber Criminology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 15–31-15–31, 2022.
XXVII. Shareef , M. S. et al., “Cloud of Things and fog computing in Iraq: Potential applications and sustainability”, Heritage and Sustainable Development, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 339–350, Nov. 2023.
XXVIII. Shareef , M. S., T. Abd, and Y. S. Mezaal, “Gender voice classification with huge accuracy rate,” TELKOMNIKA, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 2612, 2020.
XXIX. Xu, Y.; Wu, L.; Xie, Z.; Chen, Z. Building Extraction in Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery Using Deep Learning and Guided Filters. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 144.
XXX. Y. S. Mezaal and S. F. Abdulkareem, “New microstrip antenna based on quasi-fractal geometry for recent wireless systems,” in 2018 26th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU), 2018: IEEE, pp. 1-4.
XXXI. Y. S. Mezaal, H. H. Saleh, and H. Al-Saedi, “New compact microstrip filters based on quasi fractal resonator,” Advanced Electromagnetics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 93-102, 2018.
XXXII. Y. S. Mezaal, D. A. Hammood, and M. H. Ali, “OTP encryption enhancement based on logical operations,” in 2016 Sixth International Conference on Digital Information Processing and Communications (ICDIPC), 2016.

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Abstract:

The study conducts exhaustive field surveys in 67 wards in Bhubaneswar city, Odisha. 29 factors under 10 aspects have been considered for the study to assess the water requirement per household per day. SEM and CART modeling have been used to estimate the water requirement. The SEM model predicts that 4 aspects, namely, expenses, governance, possession, and resources are the major aspects that decide the water requirement of a household. Similarly, construction and repair costs, energy consumption, reinforcement practices, awareness, presence of a garden, presence of washing machine, presence of other appliances, water charges, and the type of storage majorly affect the water requirement. CART predicts energy consumption, storage, construction and repair, and washing machines to be important estimators with MAPE < 1% for the prediction of water requirement. The study reveals that with proper governance and proper use of water-intensive appliances, the required quantity of water can be decreased in any household. Secondly, by abiding by certain rules while using washing machines, like using them daily or weekly two times, etc., the inequity of water among households can be reduced.

Keywords:

Access of water,CART,Structural Equation Modeling,Urban Households,Water Inequity,

Refference:

I. Chandapillai, Jacob, K. P. Sudheer, and S. Saseendran. “Design of water distribution network for equitable supply.” Water resources management 26 (2012): 391-406. 10.1007/s11269-011-9923-x
II. Chang, Li-Yen, and Hsiu-Wen Wang. “Analysis of traffic injury severity: An application of non-parametric classification tree techniques.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 38.5 (2006): 1019-1027. 10.1016/j.aap.2006.04.009

III. Cobham, Alex, Lukas Schlögl, and Andy Sumner. “Inequality and the tails: the Palma proposition and ratio.” Global Policy 7.1 (2016): 25-36. 10.1111/1758-5899.12320
IV. Cole, Stroma. “A political ecology of water equity and tourism: A case study from Bali.” Annals of Tourism Research 39.2 (2012): 1221-1241. 10.1016/j.annals.2012.01.003
V. Conceição, Pedro, and James K. Galbraith. “Constructing long and dense time-series of inequality using the Theil index.” Eastern Economic Journal 26.1 (2000): 61-74. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40325968
VI. Flores Baquero, O., A. Jiménez Fdez. de Palencia, and Agustí Pérez Foguet. “Measuring disparities in access to water based on the normative content of the human right.” Social Indicators Research 127.2 (2016): 741-759. 10.1007/s11205-015-0976-8
VII. Ilaya-Ayza, Amilkar E., et al. “Implementation of DMAs in intermittent water supply networks based on equity criteria.” Water 9.11 (2017): 851. 10.3390/w9110851
VIII. Konisky, David M. “Inequities in enforcement? Environmental justice and government performance.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management: The Journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management 28.1 (2009): 102-121. 10.1002/pam.20404
IX. Lele, Sharachchandra, et al. “Match, don’t mix: implications of institutional and technical service modalities for water governance outcomes in south Indian small towns.” Water Policy 20.S1 (2018): 12-35. 10.2166/wp.2018.002
X. Mason, Lisa Reyes. “Beyond improved access: Seasonal and multidimensional water security in urban Philippines.” Global Social Welfare 2 (2015): 119-128. 10.1007/s40609-014-0024-7
XI. Moglia, Magnus, et al. “Application of the water needs index: can Tho City, Mekong Delta, Vietnam.” Journal of Hydrology 468 (2012): 203-212. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.08.036
XII. Molden, Olivia C., Anoj Khanal, and Nita Pradhan. “The pain of water: a household perspective of water insecurity and inequity in the Kathmandu Valley.” Water Policy 22.S1 (2020): 130-145. 10.2166/wp.2018.116
XIII. Motahar, S. “A neural network approach to estimate non-Newtonian behavior of nanofluid phase change material containing mesoporous silica particles.” International Journal of Engineering 34.8 (2021): 1974-1981. 10.5829/ije.2021.34.08b.18
XIV. Pande, Anurag, Mohamed Abdel-Aty, and Abhishek Das. “A classification tree based modeling approach for segment related crashes on multilane highways.” Journal of Safety Research 41.5 (2010): 391-397. 10.1016/j.jsr.2010.06.004
XV. Park, Soyoung, and Jinsoo Kim. “Landslide susceptibility mapping based on random forest and boosted regression tree models, and a comparison of their performance.” Applied Sciences 9.5 (2019): 942. 10.3390/app9050942
XVI. Poonia, Anamika, and Milap Punia. “Associates and determinants of drinking water supply: a case study along urbanrural continuum of semi-arid cities in India.” Urban Water Journal 16.10 (2019): 749-755. 10.1080/1573062X.2020.1729387
XVII. Ramesh, Nandini, et al. “RNA-recognition motif in Matrin-3 mediates neurodegeneration through interaction with hnRNPM.” Acta neuropathologica communications 8 (2020): 1-22. 10.1186/s40478-020-01021-5
XVIII. Ramirez, Sarah M., and Randall Stafford. “Equal and universal access?: water at mealtimes, inequalities, and the challenge for schools in poor and rural communities.” Journal of health care for the poor and underserved 24.2 (2013): 885-891. 10.1353/hpu.2013.0078
XIX. Robinson, Peter B. ““All for some”: water inequity in Zambia and Zimbabwe.” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 27.11-22 (2002): 851-857. 10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00080-3
XX. Sanatan Nayak, Sanatan Nayak. “Distributional inequality and groundwater depletion: an analysis across major states in India.” (2009): 89-107.
XXI. Seyoum, Selamawit, and Jay P. Graham. “Equity in access to water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia: an analysis of EDHS data (2000–2011).” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6.2 (2016): 320-330. 10.2166/washdev.2016.004
XXII. Soares, Luiz Carlos Rangel, et al. “Inequities in access to and use of drinking water services in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 11.5-6 (2002): 386-396. 10.1590/s1020-49892002000500013
XXIII. Srinivasan, Veena, and Seema Kulkarni. “Examining the emerging role of groundwater in water inequity in India.” Hydrosocial Territories and Water Equity. Routledge, 2017. 97-111. 10.1080/02508060.2014.890998
XXIV. Tiwale, Sachin, Maria Rusca, and Margreet Zwarteveen. “The power of pipes: Mapping urban water inequities through the material properties of networked water infrastructures-The case of Lilongwe, Malawi.” Water Alternatives 11.2 (2018): 314-335. http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol11/v11issue2/439-a11-2-6/file
XXV. Tiwale, Sachin. “Materiality matters: Revealing how inequities are conceived and sustained in the networked water infrastructure-The case of Lilongwe, Malawi.” Geoforum 107 (2019): 168-178. 10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.09.005

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Abstract:

It has been observed that married women refrain from utilizing contraceptive methods owing to a variety of reasons, including postpartum-amenorrhea, side-effects-worries, rarely or never having sex, no contraception while breastfeeding, or frustration with a particular method. The current study sought to investigate the sociodemographic disparities and contributing factors related to married women who are young (15–24 years old) and non-young (25–49 years old) and who do not utilize contemporary contraceptive methods. The research utilized cross-sectional data obtained from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) to explore the determinants of contraceptive non-utilization among 175,652 married women in India. Multiple logistic regression analysis was utilized for the examination. The study found that non-young married females (25-49) had a higher prevalence of not using contemporary contraceptives (72%) compared to young married females (45.8%). The majority of non-users were from the central region (24.4%), followed by the east (17.4%), north-east (17.2%), north (15.9%), south (15.2%), and west region (9.9%). The majority of non-users were non-working and had male and female household heads. Most non-users knew about modern contraceptives but were unaware of family planning on radio and TV. Higher odds ratios in the non-use among married females were found significant among central-region females (OR=2.189, CI: 1.815-2.641), East-region (OR=1.324, CI: 1.148-1.527), South-region (OR=1.262, CI: 1.063-1.497), females who don’t know caste (OR=1.898, CI: 1.176-3.062), females having primary (OR=3.466, CI: 2.889-4.157) and secondary education (OR=2.281, CI: 1.890-2.753), females who used since last birth (OR=1.851, CI: 1.658-2.068) and never used (OR=1.632, CI: 1.474-1.806). The study found that economically disadvantaged females, household heads, and those with multiple children are less likely to avoid birth control methods, while marital status, religion, caste, education, and birth order did not have a significant impact on non-usage. The study highlights sociodemographic disparities in contraceptive use, emphasizing the need to address issues like low education, media exposure, and ignorance towards birth-control practices, and recommends immediate actions to reduce non-use among married females.  

Keywords:

Disparities,Modern Contraceptives,Non-use,SDGs,Young,Non-young,

Refference:

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Abstract:

An infrared camera is the best tool for identifying the temperatures in various parts of thermal power plants. In this paper, authors identified the probable faults in different parts of the Boiler using temperature. A well-liked and secure technique to use in condition monitoring and preventative maintenance is infrared thermography. This procedure is directly applied to determine whether the machine is operating normally or not and also to identify the heat pattern that indicates inefficiency and flaws within the machine. For the asset manager, it is the best practice. This procedure lowers the danger and increases operational dependability. Checking bearings and belts, and keeping an eye on electrical rooms, panel boards, rotating motors, boiler operations, etc., are all made easier using infrared thermography. This method helps pinpoint the precise site of the equipment or machine malfunction. It can avoid events that can happen due to destruction from heat radiation and save energy, money, time, and money on repairs. If the operations are prepared for the obstacles, they can be managed successfully. This paper presents details of an Expert system for Boilers in Thermal power plants.

Keywords:

Boiler,Catastrophic Failures,Condition Monitoring,Expert system,IR Thermography,

Refference:

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Abstract:

Machine learning-based crop recommendation models are invaluable tools for enhancing modern AI-based farming, assisting in decisions about the selection of crops to optimize yield performance and growth. This research introduces an intelligent strategy and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) principles based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method due to the growing demand for interpretability in modern farming decision-making, Utilizing the "Smart Agricultural Production Optimizing Engine” dataset procured from Kaggle. The proposed CNN model gives remarkable results through a comprehensive examination of soil and environmental boundaries like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) levels, temperature, moistness, pH, and precipitation. Our results illustrate that the proposed framework essentially moves forward the precision of trim suggestions, advertising a promising arrangement for modernizing agricultural practices and guaranteeing maintainable crop yields.

Keywords:

Accuracy Rates,Agricultural Parameters,Convolutional Neural Network (CNN),Crop Recommendation Systems,Precision Agriculture,

Refference:

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