Archive

Abstract:

Catastrophic Failure of engineeringmaterials is due to many reasons that may be because of wear, creep, and the surrounding conditions. New methods are to be explored to make the systems safer and reliable to avoid these problems. To this end, self-healing materials inspired by natural biological organisms that can restore damage are increasingly involved in recent years both in the areas of science and in Industrial usage, due to their success rate in the recent years. Self-healing Polymer CompositesSHPC found possible applications in shape memory, self-healing, self-heating, self-cleaning and energy harvesting. In this paper the present state of the art in the field of self-healing technology and the basic chemical processes effectively implemented in the production of organic materials for self-healing is explored with their morphological structures.

Keywords:

SHPC,bioinspired self-healing,Microencapsulation,polymer composites,

Refference:

I. A. C. Balaskas, I. A. Kartsonakis, L. Tziveleka, and G. C. Kordas, “Progress in Organic Coatings Improvement of anti-corrosive properties of epoxy-coated AA 2024-T3 with TiO 2 nanocontainers loaded with 8-hydroxyquinoline,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 418–426, 2012.
II. A. Pilbáth, T. Szabó, J. Telegdi, and L. Nyikos, “Progress in Organic Coatings SECM study of steel corrosion under scratched microencapsulated epoxy resin,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 480–485, 2012.
III. B. J. Blaiszik, A. R. Jones, N. R. Sottos, and S. R. White, “Microencapsulation of gallium-indium (Ga-In) liquid metal for self-healing applications,” J. Microencapsul., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 350–354, 2014.
IV. Benight SJ, Wang C, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Stretchable and self-healing polymers and devices for electronic skin. ProgrPolym Sci 2013; 38:1961-77.
V. Brown EN, Sottos NR, White SR. Fracture testing of a self-healing polymer composite. Exp Mech 2002; 42:372-9.
VI. Carlson JA, English JM, Coe DJ. A flexible, self-healing sensor skin. Smart Mater. Struct. 2006; 15:N129-35.
VII. Cohades A, Branfoot C, Rae S, Bond I, Michaud V. Progress in self-healing fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Adv Mater Interfaces 2018; 1800177.
VIII. D. Snihirova, S. V Lamaka, and M. F. Montemor, “Electrochimica Acta ‘ SMART ’ protective ability of water based epoxy coatings loaded with CaCO 3 microbeads impregnated with corrosion inhibitors applied on AA2024 substrates,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 83, pp. 439–447, 2012.
IX. E. Koh, S. Y. Baek, N. K. Kim, S. Lee, J. Shin, and Y. W. Kim, “Microencapsulation of the triazole derivative for self-healing anticorrosion coatings,” New J. Chem., vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 4409–4419, 2014.
X. Escobar MM, Vago S, Va´zquez A. Self-healing mortars based on hollow glass tubes and epoxy-amine systems. Composites: Part B 2013; 55:203-7.
XI. Guimard NK, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Zhou J, Hilf S, Schmidt FG, Barner-Kowollik C. Current trends in the field of self-healing materials, macromolecular chemistry and physics. Macromol Chem Phys 2012; 213:131-43.
XII. J. M. Chem, M. Huang, and J. Yang, “Facile microencapsulation of HDI for self-healing anticorrosion coatings,” vol. 21, no. 30, 2011.
XIII. K. Thanawala, N. Mutneja, A. S. Khanna, and R. K. S. Raman, “Development of Self-Healing Coatings Based on Linseed Oil as Autonomous Repairing Agent for Corrosion Resistance,” pp. 7324–7338, 2014.
XIV. Kim SR, Getachew BA, Kim JH. Toward microvascular network-embedded self-healing membranes. J Membr Sci 2017; 531:94-102.
XV. Kling S, Cziga´ny T. Damage detection and self-repair in hollow glass fiber fabric reinforced epoxy composites via fiber filling. Compos Sci Technol 2014;99:82-8.
XVI. Malinskii YM, Prokopenko VV, Ivanova NA, Kargin VA. Investigation of self-healing of cracks in polymers. MekhanikaPolim 1969; 2:271-5.
XVII. Mishra DK, Yu J, Leung CKY. Self-sensing and self-healing ‘smart’ cement-based materials-a review of the state of the art, conference: sixth international conference on durability of concrete structures; 2018.
XVIII. Motuku M, Vaidya UK, Janowski GM. Parametric studies on self-repairing approaches for resin infused composites subjected to low velocity impact. Smart Mater Struct 1999; 8:623.
XIX. Pulikkalparambil H, Siengchin S, Parameswaranpillai J. Corrosion protective self healing epoxy resin coatings based on inhibitor and polymeric healing agents encapsulated in organic and inorganic micro and nanocontainers. Nano-Struct Nano-Obj 2018; 16:381-95.
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XXI. Tee BC, Wang C, Allen R, Bao Z. An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications. Nature Nanotechnol 2012; 7:825-32.
XXII. Tittelboom KV, Belie ND. Self-healing in cementitious materials—a review. Materials 2013; 6:2182-217.
XXIII. U. S. Chung, J. H. Min, P. C. Lee, and W. G. Koh, “Polyurethane matrix incorporating PDMS-based self-healing microcapsules with enhanced mechanical and thermal stability,” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 518, pp. 173–180, 2017.
XXIV. V. V Gite, P. D. Tatiya, R. J. Marathe, P. P. Mahulikar, and D. G. Hundiwale, “Progress in Organic Coatings Microencapsulation of quinoline as a corrosion inhibitor in polyurea microcapsules for application in anticorrosive PU coatings,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 83, pp. 11–18, 2015.
XXV. Wang S, Liu N, Su J, Li L, Long F, Zou Z, et al. Highly stretchable and self-healable supercapacitor with reduced graphene oxide based fiber springs. ACS Nano 2017; 11:2066-74.
XXVI. White SR, Sottos NR, Geubelle PH, Moore JS, Kessler MR, Sriram SR, et al. Autonomic healing of polymer composites. Nature 2001; 409:794-7.
XXVII. Wool RP, O’Connor KM. A theory of crack healing in polymers. J. Appl. Phys. 1981; 52:5953-63.
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A Review on the Development of Customized Ankle Foot Orthosis for Foot Drop using Additive Manufacturing Processes

Authors:

Nagarjuna Maguluri, Gamini Suresh, Kunchala Balakrishna, Emani Sivakrishna

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00058

Abstract:

Ankle foot orthosis (AFO) device improves the walking ability by hold and directs the position and advancement of the lower limb, specifically ankle movement. The primary function of AFO is to correct the deformities of the damaged nerves and compensate for the weak & paralyzed muscles. Traditional AFOs are handcrafted using plaster moulds for generating patient’s geometry, by a thermoforming process. Hence, the fabrication of a customized AFO consumes more time and expense as well. In the current review paper, it is discussed thoroughly about the upcoming technology known as additive manufacturing and its potential application for the production of customized AFOs. This review aimed to present the different AFOs produced by the additive manufacturing processes along with gait performances and material properties compared to the traditionally manufactured AFOs.

Keywords:

Additive Manufacturing,Ankle Foot Orthosis,Gait Performance,Material Properties,Thermoforming Process,

Refference:

I. A. D. Maso and F. Cosmi, “ScienceDirect 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis : a design method,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 12, pp. 252–261, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.122.
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VII. E. S. Schrank, L. Hitch, K. Wallace, R. Moore, and S. J. Stanhope, “Assessment of a virtual functional prototyping process for the rapid manufacture of passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthoses,” J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 135, no. 10, pp. 1–7, 2013, doi: 10.1115/1.4024825.
VIII. E. S. Schrank and S. J. Stanhope, “Dimensional accuracy of ankle-foot orthoses constructed by rapid customization and manufacturing framework,” J. Rehabil. Res. Dev., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 31–42, 2011, doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2009.12.0195.
IX. F. S. Shahar et al., “A review on the orthotics and prosthetics and the potential of kenaf composites as alternative materials for an ankle-foot orthosis,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., vol. 99, no. June, pp. 169–185, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.020.
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XI. J. Graham, “Foot drop: Explaining the causes, characteristics, and treatment,” Br. J. Neurosci. Nurs., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 168–172, 2010, doi: 10.12968/bjnn.2010.6.4.47792.
XII. J. P. Deckers, M. Vermandel, J. Geldhof, E. Vasiliauskaite, M. Forward, and F. Plasschaert, “Development and clinical evaluation of laser-sintered ankle foot orthoses,” Plast. Rubber Compos., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 42–46, 2018, doi: 10.1080/14658011.2017.1413760.
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XV. M. Alam, I. A. Choudhury, A. Bin Mamat, and S. Hussain, “Computer aided design and fabrication of a custom articulated ankle-foot orthosis,” J. Mech. Med. Biol., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1–14, 2015, doi: 10.1142/S021951941550058X.
XVI. M. Alam, I. A. Choudhury, and A. Bin Mamat, “Mechanism and Design Analysis of Articulated Ankle Foot Orthoses for Drop-Foot,” vol. 2014, 2014.
XVII. M. C. Faustini, R. R. Neptune, R. H. Crawford, and S. J. Stanhope, “Manufacture of passive dynamic ankle-foot orthoses using selective laser sintering,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 784–790, 2008, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2007.912638.

XVIII. M. S. Alqahtani, A. Al-Tamimi, H. Almeida, G. Cooper, and P. Bartolo, “A review on the use of additive manufacturing to produce lower limb orthoses,” Prog. Addit. Manuf., no. 0123456789, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s40964-019-00104-7.
XIX. M. Walbran, K. Turner, and A. J. McDaid, “Customized 3D printed ankle-foot orthosis with adaptable carbon fiber composite spring joint,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016, doi: 10.1080/23311916.2016.1227022.
XX. N. G. Harper, E. M. Russell, J. M. Wilken, and R. R. Neptune, “Selective laser sintered versus carbon fiber passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthoses: A comparison of patient walking performance,” J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 136, no. 9, 2014, doi: 10.1115/1.4027755
XXI. N. Guo and M. C. Leu, “Additive manufacturing: Technology, applications and research needs,” Front. Mech. Eng., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 215–243, 2013,doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0248-8.
XXII. O. A. Mohamed, S. H. Masood, and J. L. Bhowmik, “Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters : a review of current research and future prospects,” pp. 42–53, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s40436-014-0097-7.
XXIII. O. Ciobanu and M. Rotariu, “Photogrammetric scanning and applications in medicine,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 657, pp. 579–583, 2014, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.657.579.
XXIV. Pallari, J. H. P., Dalgarno, K. W., Munguia, J., Muraru, L., Peeraer, L., Telfer, S., & Woodburn, “Design and additive fabrication of foot and ankle-foot orthoses. In 21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF, Austin, TX.,” pp. 834–845, 2010.
XXV. R. Banga, H.K., Belokar, R.M., Kalra, P. and Kumar, “‘Fabrication and stress analysis of ankle-foot orthosis with additive manufacturing,’ Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-08-2016-0125.”
XXVI. R. K. Chen, L. Chen, B. L. Tai, Y. Wang, A. J. Shih, and J. Wensman, “Additive manufacturing of personalized ankle-foot orthosis,” Trans. North Am. Manuf. Res. Inst. SME, vol. 42, no. January, pp. 381–389, 2014.
XXVII. S. E. Brown, E. Russell Esposito, and J. M. Wilken, “The effect of ankle-foot orthosis alignment on walking in individuals treated for traumatic lower extremity injuries,” J. Biomech., vol. 61, pp. 51–57, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.037.
XXVIII. S. H. Huang, P. Liu, A. Mokasdar, and L. Hou, “Additive manufacturing and its societal impact: A literature review,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 67, no. 5–8, pp. 1191–1203, 2013, doi: 10.1007/s00170-012-4558-5.
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XXXII. S. Telfer, J. Pallari, J. Munguia, K. Dalgarno, M. McGeough, and J. Woodburn, “Embracing additive manufacture: Implications for foot and ankle orthosis design,” BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., vol. 13, 2012, doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-84.
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Critical Speed Analysis ofRotor ShaftsUsing Campbell Diagrams

Authors:

Mihir Barman, Gamini Suresh, Kondeti Sravanth, Nandure Narayan Rao

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00059

Abstract:

The main aim of this paper is to avoid the critical speed at low rotational velocities for three different cases, i.e. shaft without rotor, single rotor system and two rotor system. The critical speeds of these rotor systemsareanalyzed with two boundary conditions, viz. one end supported, both ends supported. Moreover, the rotors are mounted at two different positions: single rotor is placed at middle of the shaft and the same rotor is split into two halves and kept at equal distance from the either end of shaft. This critical speed analysis is carried out on both solid and hollow shafts. The range of rotational speed for the analyses considered in between 0 to 5000 rpm.The critical speeds of various rotor systems are studied using Campbell diagram and it is observed that, the critical speeds are altered by changing the boundary conditions and replacing the solid shaft with hollow shaft of same torsional stiffness as well.

Keywords:

Campbell diagram,Natural frequency,Critical speed, Modes,Torsional stiffness,

Refference:

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Effect of back pressure and temperature on the densification behaviour of Al-Mg alloy

Authors:

N. B. Prakash Tiruveedula, T.CH. Anil Kumar, Pagidi Madhukar, Balasubramanian Ravisankar, S.Kumaran

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00060

Abstract:

The current research has been aimed to study densification of Al-Mg alloy which was made with optimum sized Nanopowders through Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) technique. Al-Mg alloy nanopowder was synthesized through high energy ball milling process in the optimised condition. XRD was used to analyze the crystallite sizes of powders prepared at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 hrs in ball mill and the minimum crystallite size of 20.388nm achieved at 30hrs was found to be the best milling time. Consolidated specimens were prepared at three working conditions; without back pressure, with back pressure and with back pressure at high temperature (250°C). At each working condition, two passes were made to get better densification in the specimen. The specimens were analyzed for hardness, density, and microstructure. It was found that 92.11% of dense material was formed with a hardness of 64HR_B.

Keywords:

Consolidation,Pressure,Milling,Crystallite,Channel,Temperature,Powder,Density,Hardness,

Refference:

Aluminium Alloys – Aluminium 5083 Properties, Fabrication and Applications.https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2804

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XXII. Zhang, H.; Xu, C.; Xiao, W.; Ameyama, K.; Ma, C. Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Al5083 Alloy with Graphene Nanoplates Prepared by Ball Milling and Hot Extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2016, 658, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.076.

Investigation of the effect of micro-fillers on Viscoelastic and Erosion wear Characteristics of PTFE composites

Authors:

Gamini Suresh, Lakshmi Srinivas Ch, M Chandra Sekhar

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00061

Abstract:

Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)is one type of the most prominent semi-crystalline engineering thermo-plastics. The functional properties of PTFE are enhanced with the addition of micro-fillers inorder to increase the utility of the composites. In the current work, three types of industrial Teflon composites with micro-fillers viz. 25% by weight of glass fibers, 25% by weight of carbon fibers, and 25% by weight of graphite along with neat PTFE were used to investigatethe viscoelastic and erosion wear characteristics. From the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) graphs, it was observed that PTFE with 25% by weight of GF has shown peak viscoelastic characteristicsinthree-point bending mode. The viscoelastic properties such asstorage modulus of 1 GPa, loss modulus of 84 MPa and a tand of 0.137 respectively at 140⁰C were observed from the DMA plots for the sample (PTFE+25%GF).Also, the erosion wear behavior of the same sample has shown good resistance at 1.5 bar and 90^oimpingement angle respectively due to the addition of glass fiber micro-filler.

Keywords:

PTFE composites,glass fibers,carbon fibers,graphite,viscoelastic properties,erosion wear,

Refference:

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II. A. Patnaik and A. Satapathy, “Erosion Wear Response of Flyash-Glass Fiber-Polyester Composites : A Study using Taguchi Experimental Design,” vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 13–28, 2009.
III. A. Patnaik, A. Satapathy, N. Chand, N. M. Barkoula, and S. Biswas, “Solid particle erosion wear characteristics of fiber and particulate filled polymer composites: A review,” Wear, vol. 268, no. 1, pp. 249–263, 2010.
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V. G. Suresh, V. Vasu, and G. R. Rao, “Optimization of Input Parameters on Erosion Wear Rate of PTFE / HNT filled nanocomposites,” pp. 2–9, 2016.
VI. H. E. Sliney, L. Research, C. Cleveland, and F. J. Williams, “NASA Technical Memorandum 82779.”
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IX. S. B. Chaudhari and S. P. Shekhawat, “Wear Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and it’s Composites under Wet Conditions.”
X. S. Kumar, B. K. Satapathy, and A. Patnaik, “Viscoelastic interpretations of erosion performance of short aramid fibre reinforced vinyl ester resin composites,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 23, pp. 7489–7500, 2011.
XI. W. Brostow, H. E. Hagg Lobland, and M. Narkis, “Sliding wear, viscoelasticity, and brittleness of polymers,” J. Mater. Res., vol. 21, no. 09, pp. 2422–2428, 2006.
XII. X. Cheng, Y. Xue, and C. Xie, “Tribological investigation of PTFE composite filled with lead and rare earths-modified glass fiber,” Mater. Lett., vol. 57, no. 16–17, pp. 2553–2557, May 2003.

HIGH CAPACITY REVERSIBLE DATA HIDING SCHEME WITH INTERPOLATION AND THRESHOLD-BASED BIT ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE

Authors:

M. Mahasree, N. Puviarasan, P. Aruna

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00062

admin July 29, 2020

Abstract:

Secret communication through lossless data hiding techniques is an active research field where payload management is a challenging task. The tradeoff between stego quality and payload capacity generally exists in such fields. To achieve higher payload, interpolation based data hiding techniques (IRDH) are opted in several areas including e-governance, military imagery, medical imaging systems etc. The purpose of interpolation in hiding systems is to provide better hiding capacity without altering the original pixels. Conventional interpolation-based hiding techniques lack in providing high embedding capacity due to some restrictions in embedding rules. Thus, this paper encompasses an effective embedding procedure for interpolation based reversible data hiding schemes to fulfill the capacity requirement. The objective of our proposed scheme is to increase the payload capacity by making use of all interpolated pixels in the cover image with good visual quality. Particularly, the proposed Threshold-based Bit Allocation (TBA) technique efficiently assigns the number of bits that can be embedded in an interpolated pixel. Experimental results show that the proposed interpolation based reversible data hiding technique performs better than many state-of-the-art methods in terms of hiding capacity as well as visual quality.

Keywords:

Lossless Data Hiding,Interpolation based Reversible Data Hiding (IRDH),payload capacity,stego quality,Threshold-based Bit Allocation (TBA),

Refference:

I. A. A. Mohammad, A. Al-Haj, M. Farfoura, “An improved capacity data hiding technique based on image interpolation”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 78, Issue: 6, pp. 7181-7205, 2019
II. A. Malik, G. Sikka, H. K. Verma, “Image interpolation based high capacity reversible data hiding scheme”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 76, Issue: 22, pp. 24107-24123, 2017
III. C. Lee, Y. Huang, “An efficient image interpolation increasing payload in reversible data hiding”, Expert Systems with Applications, Elsevier, Vol.: 39, Issue: 8, pp. 6712-6719, 2012
IV. J. Biswapati, G. Debasis, M. S. Kumar, “Weighted Matrix Based Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using Image Interpolation”, International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Mining (CIDM), Vol.: 2, pp. 239-248, 2015
V. J. Hu, T. Li, “Reversible steganography using extended image interpolation technique”, Computers & Electrical Engineering, Elsevier, Vol.: 46, pp. 447-455, 2015
VI. K. Jung, K. Yoo, “Data hiding method using image interpolation”, Computer Standards & Interfaces, Elsevier, Vol.: 31, Issue: 2, pp. 465-470, 2009
VII. L. Luo, Z. Chen, M. Chen, X. Zeng, Z. Xiong, “Reversible Image Watermarking Using Interpolation Technique”, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Vol.: 5, Issue: 1, pp. 187-193, 2010
VIII. M. A. Wahed, H. Nyeem, “Reversible data hiding with interpolation and adaptive embedding”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 78, Issue: 8, pp. 10795-10819, 2019
IX. M. Mahasree, N. Puviarasan, P Aruna, “Pixel Value Ordering Based Reversible Data Hiding with Novel MPBS Strategy”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), Vol.: 9, Issue: 3, pp. 1518-1524, 2020
X. M. Tang, J. Hu, W. Song, “A high capacity image steganography using multi-layer embedding”, Optik, Elsevier, Vol.: 125, Issue: 15, pp. 3972-3976, 2014
XI. P. V. S. Govind, M. Wilsey, “A New Reversible Data Hiding Scheme with Improved Capacity Based on Directional Interpolation and Difference Expansion”, International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICICT 2014), pp. 491-498, 2015
XII. S. Meikap, B. Jana, “Directional PVO for reversible data hiding scheme with image interpolation”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 77, Issue: 23, pp. 31281-31311, 2018
XIII. T. Lu, “Adaptive (k, F1) interpolation-based hiding scheme”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 76, Issue: 2, pp. 1827-1855, 2017
XIV. T. Lu, “An interpolation-based lossless hiding scheme based on message recoding mechanism”, Optik, Elsevier, Vol.: 130, pp. 1377-1396, 2017
XV. X. Wang, C. Chang, T. Nguyen, M. Li, “Reversible data hiding for high quality images exploiting interpolation and direction order mechanism”, Digital Signal Processing, Elsevier, Vol.: 23, pp. 569-577, 2013

FLATTEN THE CURVE AND RAISE THE LINE TO REDUCE THE RISK OF COVID-19

Authors:

Ch. Vinay Kumar Reddy, Dr. I. Rajasri, Dr. Sammaiah, A.Rajesh

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.08.00001

Abstract:

COVID-19, caused by a coronavirus, has led to a pandemic that threatens everyone. Everyone in the world is worrying about COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-19). In late December 2019 an unidentified Corona virus, currently named as COVID-19 emerged from Wuhan, China. In this paper a brief description is given on Corona virus, its effects, safety measures and various modes of transmission of virus. A comparative study also done on the situation and safety measures of various countries to control the pandemic. In our study, it is observed that this virus is not a living organism and it has a genetic material inside an envelope. It is covered with the fat envelope known as lipid envelope. There are two different types of viruses namely Endemic and Pandemic. Endemic is something belongs to a particular people or country where as Pandemic is an epidemic that spread’s over different countries and continents. An Epidemic is a disease which affects a large number of populations within the region. Many researchers are working on these viruses. Corona virus is an Epidemic initially as it was born in Wuhan, China but its geographical Spread turned it as Pandemic declared by World Health Organization (WHO)[XIII]. 200 plus countries effected with this Virus. Long ago the similar kind of RNA sequences was circulated in Bats also known as SARS- COV (1) which created severe acute respiratory problems to the victim. After few years another virus MERS- COV was identified[XVIII, XV].

Keywords:

Corona Virus,COVID 19,Respiratory Syndrome,corona effects,Transmission of corona,effects of corona,

Refference:

I. Casanova, L. M., Jeon, S., Rutala, W. A., Weber, D. J., & Sobsey, M. D. (2010). Effects of Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Coronavirus Survival on Surfaces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(9), 2712–2717.
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III. Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., … Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.
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VI. Doremalen, N. V., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., … Munster, V. J. (2020). Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. New England Journal of Medicine.
VII. Grady, D. (2020, February 6). China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
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XI. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.
XII. Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., … Feng, Z. (2020). Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine.
XIII. Munster VJ, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N, et al. A novel coronavirus emerging in China — key questions for impact assessment. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8):692–694.
XIV. Pittet D, Allegranzi B and Boyce J. The World Health Organization guidelines on hand hygiene in health care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:611–622.
XV. Song, Z., Xu, Y., Bao, L., Zhang, L., Yu, P., Qu, Y., … Qin, C. (2019). From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight. Viruses, 11(1), 59.
XVI. Tapiwa, G., Cécile, K., Dongxuan, C., Andrea, T., Christel, F., Jacco, W., and Niel, H., Estimating the generation interval for COVID-19 based on symptom onset data.
XVII. Tindale, L., Coombe M., Stockdale, J., Garlock, E., Lau W., Saraswat M., … Colijn, C. (2020). Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19.
XVIII. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus- infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020. Epub ahead of print, 7th February 2020. DOI: 10.1001/ jama.2020.1585.
XIX. Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L. et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res (2020).
XX. Wu, J. T., Leung, K., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study.

SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN INDIA DURING LOCK DOWN PERIOD WITH AN IMPACT OF COVID-19

Authors:

Adla Rajesh, R.Shashi Kumar Reddy, M.Shiva Chander

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.08.00002

Abstract:

Novel Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2. It was first identified in the month of December in the year 2019.It was identified in Wuhan, China and spreading globally and there has been no ending yet. It has been spread to all over world and in the month of January, 2020 it has reached India and started spreading. Initially the Government of India has not expected the huge cases further, but due to rapid growth of heavy cases, the government of India has started lock down in the month of March with curfew on March 22, 2020. Total 6 lockdowns have been announced from March 25^th to 31^st Julywith drastic changes and twenty four reports given to Indian government by World Health Organization regarding COVID-19. Government of India could saturate the panic situations bringing social awareness among people saying preventive measures to be taken, in spite where few people could suffer during migrating. The leading role fellows during COVID-19 period also affected with COVID is the most panic situation India faced whereby Indian Government has taken a strong decision on 7^th June, 2020 that the COVID patients had to stay at home and take the treatment themselves. Social distancing among the public in all places, wearing masks and using sanitizers found the main preventive measures for the controlling of Corona virus. The total number of cases registered in India was 10.5 Lakhs as on 18-07-2020.

Keywords:

COVID-19,corona virus,W.H.O,Migrants,Indian Government,Lockdown,Affect,

Refference:

I. C.Wang,Horby PW,Hayden FG, Gao GF.A novel corona virus outbreak of global health concern Lancet.2020.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.

II. C Huang, Wang Y,LiX,et al.Clinical features of patients infected with 2019.

III. D,Xu V.Chang H,Rebaza A,Sharma L,Dela Cruz CS.Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection.Lancet Respir Med.2020.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30066-7

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V. Xinha.China’s CDC detects a large number of new corona viruses in the South China seafood market in Wuhan. Available at:https://www.xinhuanet.com/202001/27/c_1125504355.htm.Accessed20 Feb2020.

VI. Jump up to:Gettleman,Jeffrey;Schultz,Kai(24 March 2020).”Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians”. The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331.

VII. ”Close Schools, all religious activities, extend lockdown: states tell Centre”. India Today. 7 April 2020.

VIII. Jump up to:”PM Modi announces extension of lockdown till 3 May.”Live mint 14 April 2020.

IX. A 2 More Weeks of Lockdown starting May 4”.NDTV.com.Retrieved 1 May 2020.

X. “Centre extends nationwide lockdown till May 31, new guidelines issued”.Tribuneindia News Service. 17 May 2020.Retrieved 17 May 2020.

XI. Jump up to: Sharma, Neeta (30 May 2020). Ghosh Deepshikha(ed.).””Unlock1”.Malls, Restaurants, Places of Worship to reopen June 8”.NDTV.Retrieved 30 May 2020.

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ON THE ELLIPTIC VARIATIONAL INEQUALITY FOR A SIMPLIFIED FRICTION PROBLEM

Authors:

Sahar MuhsenJaabar

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.08.00003

Abstract:

The study investigated variational inequality of the elliptic to the second type of "A Simplified Friction Problem". The operator of the second arrangement partial differential was coupled within elliptic variational inequality. It gives the mathematical and physical demonstration and some characteristics of the solution. The study highlighted the presence, singularity and the second type of EVI solutions characteristic.

Keywords:

Variational inequality,EVI first type,EVI second type,Friction Problem,Convex series,

Refference:

I. Armstrong-Hélouvry, Brian (1991). Control of machines with friction. Springer .
II. Brezis,H.(1968), Equations et Inequations Non Lineaires dans les EspacesVectorielsenDualite. Ann.Inst.Fourier,vol.18,pp. 115-175.
III. Dowson, Duncan (1997). History of Tribology, 2nd Edition. Wiley; 2 edition (March 6, 1998).
IV. J. L. Lions and G. Stampacchia.(1967), variational Inequalities, comm.on Pure and Applied Math., Vol XX, PP.493-519.
V. M. Chipotand G., Michaille, (1989), Uniqueness results and monotonicity properties for strongly nonlinear elliptic variational inequalities, AnnalidellaScuolaNormaleSuperiore di Pisa,4(16), pp. 137-166.
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VII. R. C. Hibbele, (2007). Engineering Mechanics, (Eleventh ed.). Pearson, Prentice Hall.
VIII. Ruina, Andy and Rudra Pratap (2002). Introduction to Statics and Dynamics. Oxford univiristy press.
IX. Stuart S. Antman,(1983),” The Influence of Elasticity in Analysis :Modern Developments”, American Mathematical society 9 (3), pp 267-291.
X. Van Beek, Anton. “History of Science Friction”. tribology-abc.com.

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY FED DC MICRO GRID

Authors:

M. Sai Krishna Reddy, D. Elangovan

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.08.00004

Abstract:

Surveys and statistics showing majority of rural areas and remote places in third world countries are far from accessing electricity and facing power shortage. One important reason for this circumstance is power generating plants distant from rural areas. Despite of AC utility grid most of the loads requires power converters to obtain regulated DC. Also power conversions required in DC grids are less when compared with AC grids. Abundant Renewable energy like solar photovoltaic has potential to provide solution for the rural electrification through DC micro grid. This article presents the design, analysis and simulation of photovoltaic based DC micro grid system with low cost DC household which is not connected to utility Grid. The proposed system suited for running approximately 125 watts loads useful for daily routine. The Proposed system utilizes Boost converter as front-end converter to regulate required DC bus voltage for forming DC micro grid. Fly-back converter is used as point of load converters to meet different load specifications. Simulation study of the proposed system is done in PSIM 9.0.

Keywords:

DC micro-grid,Rural Electrification,Solar,Photovoltaic,Front-end Converter,POL Converter,

Refference:

I. A.Sieminski, A. Annual Energy Outlook 2015; US Energy Information Administration: Washington, DC, USA, 2015.
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III. Devendra Patil, Akshay K. Rathore, Dipti Srinivasan, and Sanjib K.Panda, High Frequency Soft-switching LCC Resonant Current-fed DC/DC converter with High Voltage Gain for DC Microgrid Application , 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2014, pp. 4293 – 4299.
IV. Global Buildings Performance Network. Residential Buildings in India: Energy Use Projections and Savings Potentials; Global Buildings Performance Network: Ahmedabad, India, 2014.
V. Hussain Athab, Amirnaser Yazdani, and BinWu, A Transformerless DC–DC Converter With Large Voltage Ratio for MV DC Grids, IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery 29(4) (2014).
VI. Jhunjhunwala, A.; Aditya, L.; Prabhjot, K. Solar-dc microgrid for Indian homes: A transforming power scenario. IEEE Electrif. Mag. 2016, 4, 10–19. [Cross Ref]
VII. Kaur, P.; Jain, S.; Jhunjhunwala, A. Solar-DC deployment experience in on-grid and near on-grid homes: Economics, technology and policy analysis. In Proceedings of the IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Atlanta, GA, USA, 7–10 June 2015; pp. 26–31.
VIII. Loomba, P.; Asgotraa, S.; Podmore, R. DC solar microgrids—A successful technology for rural sustainable development. In Proceedings of the IEEE PES Power Africa, Livingstone, Zambia, 28 June–2 July 2016; pp. 204–208.
IX. Li, W.; Mou, X.; Zhou, Y.; Marnay, C. On voltage standards for DC home microgrids energized by distributed sources. In Proceedings of the 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC),Harbin, China, 2–5 June 2012; Volume 3, pp. 2282–2286.
X. Makarabbi, G.; Gavade, V.; Panguloori, R.B.; Mishra, P.R. Compatibility and performance study of home appliances in a DC home distribution system. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Mumbai, India, 16–19 December 2014.
XI. Nilsson, D.; Sannino, A. Efficiency analysis of low and medium-voltage DC distribution systems. In Proceedings of the Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, 6–10 June 2004; pp. 2315–2321.
XII. Otero, R.; Angel, M. Power quality issues and feasibility study in a DC residential renewable energy system. Mast. Abstr. Int. 2009, 47
XIII. PongsakornSintupatsuk,SurinKhomfoi, and PrapartPaisuwanna, A dc to dc Multilevel Modular Capacitor Clamped Converter with Electrical Grounding Isolation and Bidirectional Power Flow for a dc Microgrid Application, 9th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2012, pp. 1 – 4
XIV. Panguloori, R.B.; Mishra, P.R.; Boeke, U. Economic viability improvement of solar powered Indian rural banks through DC grids. In Proceedings of the Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), Hyderabad, India, 16–18 December 2011.
XV. Rajesh, M.P.; Pindoriya, N.M.; Rajendran, S. Simulation of DC/DC converter for DC nano-grid integrated with solar PV generation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT ASIA), Bangkok, Thailand, 3–6 November 2015.
XVI. Rodriguez-Diaz, E.; Vasquez, J.C.; Guerrero, J.M. Intelligent DC homes in future sustainable energy systems: When efficiency and intelligence work together. IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag. 2016, 5, 74–80. [Cross Ref]
XVII. Rodriguez-Otero, M.A.; O’Neill-Carrillo, E. Efficient home appliances for a future DC residence. In Proceedings of the IEEE Energy 2030 Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 17–18 November 2008; pp. 1–6.
XVIII. Starke, M.; Tolbert, L.M.; Ozpineci, B. AC vs. DC Distribution: A loss comparison. In Proceedings of the IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, 21–24 April 2008; pp. 1–7.
XIX. Sungsik Park, and Sewan Choi, Soft-Switched CCM Boost Converters With High Voltage Gain for High-Power Applications, IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics 25 (5) (2010).