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SALINITY: A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR IN THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BLUE ECONOMY

Authors:

Indrani Dhar, Goutam Sengupta, Sujoy Biswas, Mourani Sinha, Abhijit Mitra

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.11.00004

November 21, 2021

Abstract:

The inshore region of the Bay of Bengal is one of the less-studied regions of the world ocean in terms of sustainability of Blue Economy while being one of the most exploited bodies of water to benefit a considerable chunk of the Indian population. For the first time, thirty-six years of in situ data at two locations in the northwestern Bay preferably in the lower Gangetic delta region has been analyzed to identify long-term trends in salinity. The salinity values obtained for Jharkhali and Haldia, situated in the lower Gangetic delta region exhibit extreme contrasting profiles. Jharkhali shows an increasing trend, whereas Haldia shows a pronounced decreasing trend of salinity with the passage of time. The results point towards the vulnerability of Jharkhali station towards corrosion of engineering structures, which might exert a negative impact on the sustainability of Blue Economy in this region.

Keywords:

Bay of Bengal,Blue Economy,Corrosion,Jharkhali,Haldia,

Refference:

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Journal Vol – 16 No -11, November 2021

MANGROVE ASSOCIATE BASED SHRIMP FEED: AN INNOVATION IN THE AQUACULTURE SECTOR

Authors:

M. N. Sarker, Shampa Mitra, Prosenjit Pramanick, Sufia Zaman, Abhijit Mitra

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.11.00005

November 21, 2021

Abstract:

The traditional method of shrimp culture is a common practice in Indian Sundarbans which is done without any sound scientific back-up, proper feed, and water quality management. The shrimp farmers use a traditional feed of animal origin that often results in deterioration of water quality and disease outbreaks in cultured species. The present paper highlights the effect of the total replacement of animal ingredients in shrimp feed with floral ingredients on water quality and shrimp health. Weight gain, condition index, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, body pigmentation (astaxanthin level) were analyzed in shrimps along with pond water quality. Higher condition index (C.I.) values, survival rate, and gain in shrimp weight were observed in the experimental pond (E) compared to the control pond (C). Low FCR values were observed in the experimental pond than in the control pond. Astaxanthin values in shrimps of the experimental pond were also higher than the control pond which points towards Suaeda maritima as the source of carotenoid in the shrimp tissue.

Keywords:

Shrimp culture,shrimp feed,Suaeda maritima,water quality,growth performance,

Refference:

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Journal Vol – 16 No -11, November 2021

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SITUATION AT DIGHA COAST: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

Authors:

Sumouli Roy, Rina Paladhi, Abhijit Mitra

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.11.00006

November 21, 2021

Abstract:

West Bengal is a maritime state in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent with a coastal area of 10,158.22 sq. km. The coastal region consists of the Digha coast, which is noted for its tourism and fish landing activities. We highlight in this paper, a load of nitrate and phosphate during premonsoon in the aquatic phase of Digha for more than three decades (1984 – 2020) to observe the trend of these two variables, which are important components of sewage. A uniform increase in the concentrations of the nutrients is observed except in the years 2009 and 2020. A sudden peak observed for both the nutrients during 2009 may be attributed to Aila, a super cyclone that hit coastal West Bengal on 25th May 2009. The dip in the levels of nutrients during 2020, may be the effect of the COVID lockdown phase in the state during which all the tourism and fish landing activities were completely paralyzed.

Keywords:

Digha coast,Nitrate and Phosphate,Aila,COVID lockdown,

Refference:

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Journal Vol – 16 No -11, November 2021

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE MICROBIAL LOAD OF MUD CRAB, SCYLLA SERRATA: A STUDY FROM SOUTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Authors:

Sana Ahmed, Sufia Zaman, Abhijit Mitra

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.11.00007

November 21, 2021

Abstract:

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbial load in the flesh and gills of the mud crab (Scylla serrata) collected from the Nagendra Bazar area in Diamond Harbour in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. The period of collection coincided with the Pre-COVID-19 phase (June 2018 and June 2019) and the COVID lockdown phase (June 2020 and June 2021). It is observed that the total coliform loads in both muscle and gills are more in the pre-COVID phase compared to the COVID lockdown phase. ANOVA analysis also confirmed significant variations between years and body parts (muscle and gills) for both Total coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) (p < 0.01). The present study is of considerable importance as crabs are consumed by local people as well as exported in several foreign countries like China, Singapore, Japan, and the U.S.A.

Keywords:

Mud crab (Scylla Serrata),microbial load,Total Coliform (TC),Fecal Coliform (FC),

Refference:

I. A. Chaudhuri, A. Choudhury, “Mangroves of the Sundarbans”, India.1, Bangkok, Thailand: IUCN, 1994.
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III. A. Mitra, “In: Sensitivity of Mangrove ecosystem to changing Climate”, Publisher Springer, India, DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1509-7, ISBN 978-81-322-1508-0 (Hardcover), 978-81-322-2882-0 (Softcover), pp: XIX 323, 2013.
IV. A. Mitra, S. Zaman, “Basics of Marine and Estuarine Ecology”, Publisher, Springer New Delhi, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2707-6, ISBN 978-81-322-2705-2 (Hardcover), 978-81-322-3819-5 (Softcover), pp: XII 483, 2016.
V. A. Mitra, “Mangrove Forests in India”, Publisher Springer, Cham, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20595-9, ISBN 978-3-030-20594-2 (Hardcover), 978-3-030-20595-9 (eBook), pp. XV, 361, 2020.
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VII. Engr Syed Shujaat Ali, Engr Mohsin Iqbal, Engr Yaseen Mahmood, Engr Abdul Farhan. : ‘ESTIMATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER BY PROPOSING RECHARGE WELLS AT NARAI KHWAR HAYATABAD PESHAWAR’. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-1, January (2020) pp 312-327. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.2020.01.00025

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Journal Vol – 16 No -11, November 2021

AN INTRODUCTION TO RECTANGULAR BHATTACHARYYA’S CO-ORDINATES: A NEW CONCEPT

Authors:

Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.11.00008

November 21, 2021

Abstract:

Co-ordinate geometry is a particular branch of mathematics where geometry is studied with the help of algebra. According to the concept of Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System, plane co-ordinate geometry consists of Four Positive dimensions or axes. In four-dimensional co-ordinate geometry, the position of a point can be determined uniquely by two real positive numbers on a plane. Here, we shall discuss only the plane co-ordinate geometry consisting of four dimensions or axes. The author introduced four positive dimensions or axes to solve the problems with the help of ‘Rectangular Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System’ instead of the Rectangular Cartesian Co-ordinate System. This is the new concept which has been developed by the author. The author determined not only the distance between two points but also the direction of the line segment between two points on the plane.

Keywords:

Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System,Cartesian Co-ordinate System,Four Positive Dimensions,Plane Co-ordinate Geometry,Relative motion,

Refference:

I. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes
II. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei

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Journal Vol – 16 No -11, November 2021

IMPLEMENTATION OF NOVEL PGP ALGORITHM FOR ENCRYPTED GPS COMMUNICATION IN SMART CONTAINERS

Authors:

Mehrunnisa Saleem, Sheeraz Ahmed, Salman Ahmad, Safdar Nawaz Khan Marwat, Adnan Khan, Muhammad Aadil, Said Ul Abrar

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.12.00001

December 28, 2021

Abstract:

The ability to check the location of both static and dynamic devices is improving increasingly with each passing day. To track locations of both static and dynamic machines, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to exchange the location between the sender and the receiver. However, there are still challenges in the sage and secure transmission and reception of GPS location. The most common challenge is spoofing attacks data. This paper proposes the implementation of a Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption algorithm to ensure the safety of GPS packets shared across the communication channels. The GPS location is first encrypted and subsequently sent across a communication channel, which is strong encryption and cannot be decrypted by an unauthorized user.

Keywords:

Spoofing,Encryption,Decryption,Global Positioning System (GPS),

Refference:

I. A. Broumandan, A. Jafarnia-Jahromi, V. Dehghanian, J. Nielsen, and G. Lachapelle, “GNSS spoofing detection in handheld receivers based on signal spatial correlation,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), 2012.
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III. A. Juels and T. Ristenpart, “Honey encryption: Security beyond the brute-force bound” in Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2014, Springer, pp. 293-310, 2014.
IV. A. Juels and T. Ristenpart, “Honey encryption: Security beyond the brute-force bound” in Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2014, Springer, pp. 293-310, 2014.
V. A. Ranganathan, H. Olafsd · ottir, and S. Capkun, “Spree: A spoofing · resistant gps receiver,” in Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. ACM, 2016
VI. Bowen, B.M., Hershkop, S., Keromytis, A.D., Stolfo, S.J.: Baiting Inside Attackers Using Decoy Documents, pp. 51–70 (2009)
VII. D. M. Akos, “Who’s afraid of the spoofer? GPS/GNSS spoofing detection via automatic gain control (AGC),” Navigation, 2012.
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IX. E. Schmidt, Z. Ruble, D. Akopian and D. J. Pack, “Software-Defined Radio GNSS Instrumentation for Spoofing Mitigation: A Review and a Case Study,” in IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 2768-2784, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2018.2869261.
X. F. L. Aryeh, B. K. Alese and O. Olasehinde, “Graphical analysis of captured network packets for detection of suspicious network nodes,” 2020 International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics and Assessment (CyberSA), 2020, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/CyberSA49311.2020.9139672.
XI. G. GSA, “Market report issue 3,” 2017, https://www.gsa.europa.eu/.
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XV. K. C. Zeng, Y. Shu, S. Liu, Y. Dou, and Y. Yang, “A practical gps location spoofing attack in road navigation scenario,” in Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. ACM, 2017.
XVI. K. K. Songala, S. R. Ammana, H. C. Ramachandruni and D. S. Achanta, “Simplistic Spoofing of GPS Enabled Smartphone,” 2020 IEEE International Women in Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE), 2020, pp. 460-463, doi: 10.1109/WIECON-ECE52138.2020.9397980.
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Journal Vol – 16 No -12, December 2021

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) TO ASSESS THE ROLE OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN IN THE DOMAIN OF ESTUARINE ACIDIFICATION

Authors:

Sitangshu Roy, Nabonita Pal, Mourani Sinha, Sufia Zaman, Abhijit Mitra

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.12.00002

December 28, 2021

Abstract:

The branch of computer science that deals with the simulation of variables with the help of a computer are termed Artificial Intelligence (AI). Here we attempt to predict the pace of acidification in the Digha coast of the Bay of Bengal based on available datasets of more than three decades. The ground zero observation on the data set reveals a decreasing trend of pH since 1984 with a sudden hike in premonsoon 2020, the period coinciding with the COVID 19 lockdown phase in the Indian sub-continent.

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence (AI),Digha coast,aquatic pH,COVID 19 lockdown phase,

Refference:

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III. Banerjee K., Mitra A., Bhattacharyya D. P. and Choudhury A., “Role of nutrients on phytoplankton diversity in the north–east coast of the Bay of Bengal”, In Ecology and Ethology of Aquatic Biota (ed. Arvind Kumar), Daya Publishing House. pp: 102-109, 2002.
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XXI. Ray Chaudhuri T., Fazli P., Zaman S., Pramanick P., Bose R. and Mitra A, “Impact of acidification on heavy metals in Hooghly Estuary”, Journal of Harmonized Research in Applied Sciences. vol. 2(2), pp: 91-97, 2014.

XXII. Roy Chowdhury T., Vyas P., Zaman S., Roy A. and Abhijit A, “Surface water pH: A proxy to acidification of estuarine water of Indian Sundarbans”, International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews. vol. 6(1), pp: 1530-1535, 2019,
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Journal Vol – 16 No -12, December 2021

A REVIEW ON TROPICAL CYCLONES

Authors:

Indrajit Ghosh, Sukhen Das, Nabajit Chakravarty

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.12.00003

December 28, 2021

Abstract:

In this review, we have discussed the important recent theoretical research works on tropical cyclone dynamics. For mitigation of the devastating effect of tropical cyclones on coastal human civilization more and more advanced forecasting techniques are evolving nowadays with the increase in the frequency of generation of tropical cyclones. Thus it is of utmost necessity to understand the anatomy and physiology of the dynamics of tropical cyclones. So researchers explain the cyclonic system from a different point of view and that is highlighted in this review. So this review illustrates, in brief, some important developed models.

Keywords:

tropical cyclone,cyclostrophic flow,thermal wind,gale wind,wind gusts,storm surge,bathymetry,barotropic wind,baroclinic atmosphere,gradient wind,potential temperature,

Refference:

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VII. Crinivec, N., R. K. Smith, G. Kilroy, 2015: Dependance of tropical cyclone intensification rate on sea surface temperature. . R. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 1618-1627. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2752.
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LI. Reasor, P. D., M. T. Montgomery, F. D. Marks. Jr, and J. F. Gamache, 2000: lowwavenumber structure and evolution of the hurricane inner core observed by airborne and dual- doppler rader. Mon. Wea. Rev.,6, 1653-1680. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1653:L. LII. Riehl, H., 1948: On the formation of typhoons. J. Meteor.,5, 247-265. LIII. Riehl, H., and J. Malkus, 1961: Some aspects of hurricane Daisy. Tellus., 2, 181-213. LIV. Shapiro, L. J., and H. E. Willoughby, 1982: The response of balanced hurricanes to local sources of heat and momentum. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 378-394. LV. Shapiro, L. J., and S. B. Goldenberg, 1998: Atlantic sea surface temperature and tropical cyclone formation. J. Clim.,11, 578-590. LVI. Smith, R. K., 2006: Tropical cyclone lecture notes. wwww.meteophysik.uni-munchen.de/ roger/Lectures/Tropical-Cyclones/060510-tropical-cyclones.pdf. Accessed 2 June, 2006 . LVII. Sundqvist, H., 1970: Numerical simulation of the development of tropical cyclones with a ten level model, I. Tellus.,22, 359-390. LVIII. Smith, R.K., and M.T. Montgomery, 2010: Hurricane boundary-layer theory. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 1665-1670. LIX. Wang, L. X., 2016: Inter- comparison of extra tropical cyclone activity in nine reanalysis data sets. J. Atmos. Res., 181, 133-153. https:// doi.org/1016/j.atmosres.2016.06.010. LX. Wang, Y., and C. C. Wu, 2004: Current understanding of tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes-a review. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 87, 257-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703003-0056-6. LXI. Wang, X., and D. L. Zhang, 2003: Potential vorticity diagnosis of a simulated hurricane Part-1: Formulation and quasi-balanced flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1593-1607. LXII. Wang, Y., and J. Xu, 2010: Energy production, frictional dissipation and maximum intensity of a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 97-116. https:// doi.org /10.1175/2009JAS3143.1. LXIII. Whitney, L.D., and J. S. Hobgood, 1997: The relationship between sea surface temperature and maximum intensities of tropical cyclones in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 10, 2921-2930. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010 <2921:TRBSST> 2.0.CO; 2https://texmex.mit.edu.
LXIV. Williams, G. J., R. K. Taft, B. D. Mcnoldy, and W. H. Schubert, 2013: Shock- like structures in the tropical cyclone boundary layer. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5, 338-353 https://doi.org/0.1002/jame.20028
LXV. Yanai, M., 1964: Formation of tropical cyclones. Rev. Geophys., 2, 367-414.
LXVI. Zhang, W., D. L. Zhang, and H. C. Lu, 2009: A theory for mixed vortex Rossby gravity waves in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci.,66, 3366-3381.https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3060.1.
LXVII. Zhang, J. A., R. F. Rogers, P. D. Reasor, E. W. Uhlhorn, and F. D. Marks. Jr, 2013: As- symetric hurricane boundary layer structure form dropsonde composites in relation to the environment vertical wind shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 3968-3984. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWRD-12-00335.1.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -12, December 2021

IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN RESTRICTION OF COVID-19 ON SELECTIVE DISSOLVED HEAVY METALS IN COASTAL WEST BENGAL

Authors:

Nibedita Mukhopadhyay, Abhijit Mitra

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.12.00004

December 28, 2021

Abstract:

              In this study, the effect of COVID-19 lockdown (2020) on dissolved heavy metal load (Zn, Cu, and Pb) in the coastal West Bengal were analyzed concerning the pre-COVID 19 phases (2016-2019). Two stations namely Shankarpur (Stn.1) and Haldia (Stn. 2) were selected for the study as both have two contrasting operational features. Haldia is an important port-cum-industrial complex whereas Shankarpur is an important fish landing station-cum-tourism site. The results showed that in both the stations there was a drastic fall in the metal concentrations due to lockdown implementation, but in Haldia, the aquatic health exhibits much improvement as in lockdown there was complete shut-down of the industries. ANOVA results also highlight significant variations between the two stations as well as between the pre COVID-19 (2016-2019) and COVID-19 lockdown phases.        

Keywords:

Dissolved heavy metals,Covid-19 lockdown,coastal West Bengal,ANOVA,

Refference:

I. Adla Rajesh, R. Shashi Kumar Reddy, M. Shiva Chander. : ‘SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN INDIA DURING LOCK DOWN PERIOD WITH AN IMPACT OF COVID-19’. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-8, August (2020) pp 8-16
II. Agarwal, S., Pramanick, P., Mitra, A., “Alteration of dissolved Zinc concentration during COVID-19 lockdown phase in coastal West Bengal”, NUJS Journal of Regulatory Studies, Special Issue, pp: 51-56, 2020
III. Chakraborti, D., Adams, F., Mol, W. V., Irgolic, K. J., “Determination of trace metals in natural waters at nanogram per liter levels by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after extraction with sodium diethyl-dithiocarbamate”, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 196, pp: 23-31, 1987
IV. Diffenbaugh, N. S., Field, C. B., Appel, E. A., Azevedo, I. L., Baldocchi, D. D., Burke, M., Burney, J. A., Ciais, P., Davis, S. J., Fiore, A. M., “The COVID-19 lockdowns: A window into the earth system”, Natures Reviews Earth & Environment, vol. 1, pp: 470–481, 2020
V. India: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), Available online: https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/in, (accessed on 26th June, 2021)
VI. Izah, S. C., Chakrabarty, N., Srivastav, A. L., “A review on heavy metal concentration in potable water sources in Nigeria: Human health effects and mitigating measures”, Exposure and Health, vol. 8, no. 2, pp: 285–304, 2016
VII. Mitra, A., “Estuarine Pollution in the Lower Gangetic Delta”, Springer International, ISBN 978-3-319- 93305-4, vol. XVI, pp: 371, 2019
VIII. Mitra, A., “Sensitivity of Mangrove Ecosystem to Changing Climate”, Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London, 2013 edition, ISBN-10: 8132215087; ISBN-13: 978-8132215080, 2013
IX. Mitra, A., Zaman, S., “Basics of Marine and Estuarine Ecology”, Springer India, ISBN 978-81-322-2707-6, pp: 1-481, 2016
X. Mitra, A., Zaman, S., “Carbon sequestration by Coastal Floral Community, India”, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) TERI Press. ISBN 978-81-7993-551-4, 2014
XI. Olayinka-Olagunju, J. O., Dosumu, A. A, Olatunji-Ojo, A. M., “Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Pelagic and Benthic Fishes of Ogbese River, Ondo State, South-Western Nigeria”, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol. 232, no. 2, pp: 1–19, 2021
XII. The Financial Express, Lockdown 5.0 Guidelines in India (State-Wise): New Lockdown Extension Rules Announced, Night Curfew Relaxed. 30 May 2020, Available online: https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/lockdown-5-0-guidelinesstate-wise-lockdown-extension-5-0-rules-latest-updates/1975135, (accessed on 26th June, 2021)
XIII. WHO. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report-197, Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200804-covid-19-sitrep-197.pdf?sfvrsn=94f7a01d_2, (accessed on 26th June, 2021)
XIV. www.nltr.org

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Journal Vol – 16 No -12, December 2021

USE OF NON-LINEAR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL (NAR) TO FORECAST THE FUTURE HEALTH OF SHRIMP FARM

Authors:

Pallavi Dutta , Mourani Sinha, Prosenjit Pramanick, Sufia Zaman, Abhijit Mitra

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.12.00005

December 28, 2021

Abstract:

Microbial load in terms of Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) were documented in the water of a shrimp culture farm at Malancha region of North 24 Parganas for a period of 36 years (1984-2019). The region receives the wastewater from the city of Kolkata. A steady hike in the microbial load (comprising of both total and fecal coliform) is noticed. The primary reason behind this rise of the microbial load is the run-off from the nearby landmasses that brings various types of wastes in the shrimp farm under investigation.  The sustainability of shrimp farms in this region is under question due to the huge microbial load as revealed from the output of NAR.

Keywords:

Total coliform (TC),fecal coliform (FC),shrimp culture,Malancha in North 24 Paraganas,Non-linear Auto Regressive model (NAR),

Refference:

I. Al-Harbi, A. H., “Faecal coliforms in pond water, sediments and hybrid
tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus in Saudi Arabia”, Aquaculture Research, vol. 34, pp: 517–524, 2003
II. Atlas, R. M., Bertha, R., “Microbial ecology fundamentals and applications”, pp: 1–694, Benjamin: Commings Science Publishing, 1997
III. Avnimelech, Y., “Biofloc Technology – A Practical Guide Book”, 3rd Edn. Baton Rouge, LA: The World Aquaculture Society, pp: 258, doi: 10.13140/2.1.4575.0402, 2014
IV. Feng, P. C., Hartman, P. A., “Fluorogenic assays for immediate confirmation of Escherichia coli”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 43, pp: 1320–1329
V. Greenberg, E., Clesceri, L. S., Eaton, A. D., “Standard method for examination of water and waste water (18th ed.). Washington: American Public Health Association, 1992
VI. Hartman, P. A. “The MUG test for E. coli in food and water”, Florence, Italy: On Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology & Immunology, 4–6 Nov., 1989
VII. Katayal, S., Rajkumer, T. M., “Environmental pollution”, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, pp: 54-63, 1991
VIII. Kudesia, V. P. “Water pollution”, 3rd revised ed., pp: 84–102, Meerut: Pragati Parkashan, 1990
IX. Mitra, A., “In: Sensitivity of Mangrove ecosystem to changing Climate”, Publisher Springer, India, DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1509-7, ISBN 978-81-322-1508-0 (Hardcover), 978-81-322-2882-0 (Softcover), pp: XIX 323, 2013
X. Mitra, A., “Status of coastal pollution in West Bengal with special reference to heavy metals”, Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, vol. 5, No. 2, 135 –138, 1998.
XI. Mitra, A., Banerjee, K., Chakraborty, R., Banerjee, A., Mehta, N., Berg, H., “Study on the water quality of the shrimp culture ponds in Indian Sundarbans”, Indian Science Cruiser, vol. 20, No. 1, pp: 34-43, 2006
XII. Mitra, A., Bhattacharyya, D. P., “Environmental issues of shrimp farming in mangrove ecosystem”, Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, vol. 11, No. 1, pp: 120-129, 2003.
XIII. Saha, S. B., Bhattacharyya, S. B., Basu, S., Mitra, A., Zamadar, Y. A., Choudhury, A., “Primary production and ecological efficiency of brackishwater shrimp culture in the vicinity of Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem”, Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics, vol. 13, No. 2, pp: 151-158, 1998
XIV. Shadix, L. C., Eugene, W. R. “Evaluation of β-glucuronidase assay for the detection of Escherichia coli from environmental waters”, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 37, No. 12, pp: 908–911, 1991
XV. Zaman, S., Mukherjee, N., Banerjee, K., Mitra, A., “Microbial status of cultured shrimp from Indian Sundarbans”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of India, vol. 77 (B), No. III, pp: 288-291, 2007

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Journal Vol – 16 No -12, December 2021

EXTENDED EUCLIDEAN ALGORITHM OF AUNU BINARY POLYNOMIALS OF CARDINALITY ELEVEN

Authors:

S.I. Abubakar, Zaid Ibrahim, A. A. Ibrahim, Sadiq Shehu, A. Rufa’i

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2022.01.00001

January 21, 2022

Abstract:

Binary polynomials representation of Aunu permutation patterns has been used to perform arithmetic operations on words and sub-words of the polynomials using addition, multiplication, and division modulo two. The polynomials were also found to form some mathematical structures such as group, ring, and field. This paper presents the extension of our earlier work as it reports the Aunu binary polynomials of cardinality eleven and how to find their greatest common divisor (gcd) using the extended Euclidean algorithm. The polynomials are pairly permuted and the results found showed that one polynomial is a factor of the other polynomial or one polynomial is relatively prime to the other and some gave different results. This important feature is of combinatorial significance and can be investigated further to formulate some theoretic axioms for this class of Aunu permutation pattern. Binary polynomials have important applications in coding theory, circuit design, and the construction of cryptographic primitives.

Keywords:

Algorithm,Aunu,Cryptography,Euclidean,Extended,Galois field,Greatest common divisor,Permutation,Patterns,Polynomials,Binary,

Refference:

I. A. A Ibrahim (2007). An Enumeration Scheme and Algebraic properties of a Special (132)-avoiding Class of permutation Pattern. Trends in Applied sciences Research Academic Journals Inc. USA. 2(4) 334-340.
II. Aminu Alhaji Ibrahim and Sa’idu Isah Abubakar (2016). Aunu Integer Sequence as Non-Associative Structure and Their Graph Theoretic Properties. Advances in Pure Mathematics, (6), 409-419 http://www.scirp.org/journal/apm http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/apm.2016.66028
III. Aminu Alhaji Ibrahim, Saidu Isah Abubakar (2016). Non-Associative Property of 123-Avoiding Class of Aunu Permutation Patterns Advances in Pure Mathematics, 2016, 6, 51-57 http://www.scirp.org/journal/apm http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/apm.2016.62006.
IV. Abubakar S.I, Shehu S., Ibrahim Z. Ibrahim A.A (2014). Some polynomials representation using the 123-avoiding class of the Aunu permutation patterns of cardinality five using binary codes. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 5(8), 1-4.
V. Abubakar S.I, Ibrahim Z. Ibrahim A.A (2014). Binary polynomials representation using the 123-avoiding class of the Aunu permutation patterns of cardinality seven. A paper presented at the 1st National Conference organized by Faculty of Science, Sokoto State University in conjunction with The Algebra Group Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto held at Sokoto State University from 17th-20th March, 2014.
VI. Benvenuto, C. J. (2012). Galois field in cryptography. University of Washington, 1(1), 1-11.
VII. Daniel Panario (June 2006). A Minicourse in Finite Fields and Applications, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University.
VIII. De Piccoli, A., Visconti, A., & Rizzo, O. G. (2018). Polynomial multiplication over binary finite fields: new upper bounds. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 1-14.
IX. Homma, N., Saito, K., Aoki, T. (2014). Toward formal design of practical cryptographic hardware based on Galois field arithmetic. IEEE Transactions on Computers 63(10), 2604-2613.
XI. Paul Pollack (2008). Prime Polynomials over Finite Fields; A PhD Thesis, Darmouth College.
XII. Sheueling Chang Shantz (2001). From Eculid’s GCD to Montgomery Multiplication to the Great Divide” sun Microsystems laboratories MSLI TR-2001-95.
XIII. Shparlinski, I. (2013). Finite Fields: Theory and Computation: The meeting point of number theory, computer science, coding theory and cryptography 477.
XIV. Stein J. (1961). Computational problems associated with Racah algebra. Journal Computational Physics, 1.

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Journal Vol – 17 No -1, January 2022

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE MODIFIED BITUMEN AND MIXTURES

Authors:

Hamza Marjan, Arshad Hussain, Saad Khan Awan

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2022.01.00002

January 21, 2022

Abstract:

Interconnectivity necessitates the use of transportation facilities and infrastructure. All highway design agencies seek acceptable, long-lasting, and cost-effective strategies while designing these facilities. The traffic demands on roads are much higher than they have been in the past. Increased traffic loads, larger traffic volumes, and insufficient maintenance have all contributed to serious road surface distress (e.g., rutting and cracking) due to rapid development. As conventional asphalt combinations are unable to withstand high axle loads and tire pressures, interest in polymer-modified asphalt has grown. Polymer modification of asphalt is one of the most effective ways to improve asphalt qualities. The practical temperature range of binders is greatly expanded by polymers. The inclusion of the polymer can considerably improve the binder qualities by increasing the stiffness of the bitumen and enhancing its temperature susceptibility, enabling the building of safer roads and lower maintenance costs. This research presents a laboratory investigation of the Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) polymer-modified bitumen. NHA-B gradation, PARCO 60/70 grade bitumen, and EVA polymer of TPI Polene Public Company Limited were used. Penetration, softening point, ductility, and viscosity tests were used to evaluate the conventional properties of the asphalt binders. Three different percentages of polymers were used i.e., 2%, 4%, and 6%. The impact of the EVA polymer on permanent deformation and moisture susceptibility was investigated. A double wheel tracker (DWT) was used to quantify permanent deformation (rutting), and a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used to examine moisture susceptibility using an Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test. For different percentages of bitumen volumetric properties according to Marshall Mix Design procedure were measured, and then Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) was evaluated.  Performance tests were performed using above mentioned percentages of EVA. The rutting potential of mixes was improved by the addition of EVA as compared to control asphalt mixes. The same effect of the polymer was on the moisture susceptibility of the prepared samples. This showed that EVA polymer can be used in flexible pavements to reduce permanent deformation and high-temperature problems.

Keywords:

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate,Polymer modified bitumen,performance evaluation,Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC),Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS),

Refference:

I. Ahmed, T., & Ahmed, H. (2014). Investigating the rutting and moisture sensitivity of warm mix asphalt with varying contents of recycled asphalt pavement. University of Iowa, Iowa Research Online.

II. Aljanadi, B., Miskeen, M. Bin, & Abosalah, S. (2020). Modification of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ( EVA ) for Hot and Arid Regions. 195–207.

III. Ameri, M., Mansourian, A., & Sheikhmotevali, A. H. (2013). Laboratory evaluation of ethylene vinyl acetate modified bitumens and mixtures based upon performance related parameters. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.109
IV. Chegenizadeh, A., Tokoni, L., Nikraz, H., & Dadras, E. (2021). Effect of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) on stone mastic asphalt (SMA) behaviour. Construction and Building Materials, 272, 121628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121628

V. Dekhli, S., Mokhtar, K. A., Hammoum, F., & Bachir, D. S. (2015). Rheological Behaviour of Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate (EVA) Modified Road Bitumen. Journal of Applied Sciences, 15(3), 444–455. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2015.444.455

VI. Garba, R. (2002). Permanent Deformation Properties of Asphalt Mixtures. NVF Conference, 1–13.

VII. Janmohammadi, O., Safa, E., Zarei, M., & Zarei, A. (2020). Simultaneous effects of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) and glass fiber on the properties of the hot mix asphalt (HMA). SN Applied Sciences, 2(7), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2977-8

VIII. Khan, K. M., & Kamal, M. A. (2012). Rutting Based Evaluation of Asphalt Mixes. Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol, 11(2006), 60–65.

IX. O’Sullivan, K., & Wall, P. a. (2009). The effects of warm mix asphalt additives on Recycled Asphalt Pavement. Dissertation, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 84. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/ Available/E-project-030609-183749/unrestricted/ WMA_Aided_RAP_ MQP.pdf

X. Sengoz, B., & Isikyakar, G. (2008). Evaluation of the properties and microstructure of SBS and EVA polymer modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials, 22(9), 1897–1905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.013

XI. Yoder, E. J., & Witczak, M. W. (1975). Principles of Pavement Design. Principles of Pavement Design. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172919

XII. Ullah Irfan, Dr. Rawid Khan, Manzoor Elahi, Ajab Khurshid.: ‘CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF FLEXIBLE ROAD PAVEMENTS’. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-12, December (2020) pp 111-126. DOI : https://doi.org/10.26782/ jmcms.2020.12.00010

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Journal Vol – 17 No -1, January 2022

AN INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF DYNAMICS OF NUMBERS: A NEW CONCEPT

Authors:

Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2022.01.00003

January 21, 2022

Abstract:

The role of numbers is very important not only in mathematics but also in any branch of science and technology. The author developed a new concept of the theory of dynamics of numbers. According to the new concept, 0 (zero) is the starting point of any number. There are infinite number of directions through which the numbers can move from starting point 0 (zero) and can return in the vertically opposite direction towards the starting point 0 (zero). The motion of any number (object) is positive whether it is forward motion or backward motion. Similarly, countup and countdown motions of numbers are also positive. Therefore, there is no existence of negative numbers.             The author framed the law of the theory of dynamics of numbers. The author solved the quadratic equation in one countable unknown object or quantity (say x) in the form, ax2 + bx + c = 0, even if the numerical value of the discriminant, b2 – 4ac <0. The author applied the theory of dynamics of numbers to solve the problems of plane co-ordinate geometry and also to solve the problems of the quadratic equation in the present paper.

Keywords:

Cartesian Co-ordinate System,Dynamics of Numbers,Quadratic Equation,Rectangular Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System,Theory of Numbers,

Refference:

I. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya. : ‘AN INTRODUCTION TO RECTANGULAR BHATTACHARYYA’S CO-ORDINATES: A NEW CONCEPT’ J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-16, No.-11, November (2021) pp 76-86. DOI : https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.11.00008
II. http//en-wikipedia.org/wiki/Number
III. http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Shridhara
IV. http://en.wikipedia.org

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Journal Vol – 17 No -1, January 2022

HYDROTHERMAL BEHAVIOR OF FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A BENDING SQUARE CHANNEL

Authors:

Selim Hussen, Ratan Kumar Chanda, Rabindra Nath Mondal

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2022.01.00004

January 21, 2022

Abstract:

The numerous applications in medical fields as well as in industrial areas have drawn substantial attention of the researchers to study the fluid flow and heat transfer (HT) through a bent duct. The present paper demonstrates a spectral-based numerical study of 2D flow in a bent square geometry for various curvature ratios. The numerical calculation has been conducted over Dn, and the curvature ranges from 0.001 to 0.5. The horizontal walls are thermally different where the bottom wall is heated while the ceiling wall cooled, the vertical walls being thermally insulated. After an extensive investigation, we found two branching structures of the solution, each consisting of two branches with 2- to 8-vortex solutions for small and medium curvatures while three branches of solution structure for large curvature. The instability of the flow is then calculated by performing time-evolution (TEv) analysis and by sketching the phase-space (PS) of the solutions. This study also demonstrates that the HT is significantly boosted with the effect of secondary flows (SF) and the increasing secondary vortices boost heat transfer more effectively than other physically realizable solutions.

Keywords:

Heat transfer,2D flow,Time-Evolution (TEv),Phase-Space (PS),

Refference:

I. Chanda, R. K., Hasan, M. S., Alam, M. M. and Mondal, R. N. (2020), Hydrothermal Behavior of Transient Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer through a Rotating Curved Rectangular Duct with Natural and Forced Convection, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, 7(4), 501-514.
II. H. Ito, Flow in curved pipes, JSME International Journal. 30, 1987, pp.543-52.
III. K. Nandakumar and J. H. Masliyah, Swirling Flow and Heat Transfer in Coiled and Twisted Pipes, Adv. Transport Process. 4, 1986, pp.49-112.
IV. K. Yamamato, W. Xiaoyum, N. Kazou, and H. Yasutuka, Visualization of Taylor-Dean flow in a curved duct of square cross section, J. Fluid Dyn. Res. 38, 2006, pp. 1-18.
V. M. Norouzi, M. H. Kayhani M. R. H. Nobari and M. K. Demneh, Convective Heat Transfer of Viscoelastic Flow in a Curved Duct, World Academy of Science. Engineering and Technology. 32, 2009, pp.327-333.
VI. M. Z. Islam, R. N. Mondal, M. M. Rashidi, Dean-Taylor flow with convective heat transfer through a coiled duct, Computers and Fluids. 149, 2017, pp.41-55.

VII. Md. Hasanuzzaman, Md. Mosharrof Hossain, M.M. Ayub Hossain. : ‘SIMILARITY SOLUTION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FOR LIQUID EVAPORATION ALONG A VERTICAL PLATE COVERED WITH A THIN POROUS LAYER’. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-16, No.-4, April (2021) pp 47-60. DOI : https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.04.00004

VIII. Rafiuddin, Noushima Humera. G. : ‘ NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF UNSTEADY TWO – DIMENSIONAL HYDROMAGNETICS FLOW WITH HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF CASSON FLUID’. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-9, September (2020) pp 17-30. DOI : https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.09.00002
IX. R. N. Mondal, T. Watanabe, M. A. Hossain and S. Yanase, Vortex-Structure and Unsteady Solutions with Convective Heat Transfer through a Curved Duct, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 31(1), 2017, pp.243-254.
X. R. N. Mondal, Y. Kaga, T. Hyakutake and S. Yanase, Effects of curvature and convective heat transfer in curved square duct flows, Trans. ASME, Journal of Fluids Engineering. 128(9), 2006, pp.1013-1022.
XI. S. A. Berger, L. Talbot, L. S. Yao, Flow in Curved Pipes, Annual. Rev. Fluid. Mech. 35, 1983, pp.461-512.
XII. S. N. Dolon, M. S. Hasan, S. C. Ray, and R. N. Mondal, Vortex-structure of secondary flows with effects of strong curvature on unsteady solutions through a curved rectangular duct of large aspect ratio, AIP Conference Proceedings. 2121, 050004, 2019.
XIII. S. Yanase, Y. Kaga, R. Daikai, Laminar Flows through a curved rectangular duct over a wide range of the aspect ratio, Fluid Dynamics Research. 31, 2002, pp.151–183.
XIV. W. R. Dean, Note on the motion of fluid in a curved pipe, Philos Mag. 4, 1927, pp.208-223.

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Journal Vol – 17 No -1, January 2022

EFFECT OF INLET AIR COOLING ON THE GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE USING EVAPORATOR AND VAPOUR ABSORPTION COOLERS AT THE HQ-2 DAUR SSGCL GAS COMPRESSION STATION

Authors:

Qurban Ali, Tanweer Hussain, Ans Ahmed Memon, Arshad Hussain

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2022.01.00005

January 21, 2022

Abstract:

A gas turbine is a device that converts the energy of fuel into mechanical energy and is used to derive several types of rotating equipment. One of the major drawbacks of a gas turbine is that the performance (power output and thermal efficiency) of a gas turbine decreases instantly with the rise of ambient temperature. At Daur SSGCL Gas Compression Station, gas turbines are used to derive centrifugal type gas compressors to raise the pressure of natural gas where ambient temperature varies between 70 to 500C which decreases the performance of gas turbines. Inlet air cooling is a method through which the effect of ambient temperature on the performance of gas turbines can be decreased. This technique of cooling intake air increases the performance of gas turbines by increasing air density. There are various types of inlet air cooling but, in this study, two types of inlet air cooling techniques are discussed, one of which is wetted media evaporative type and the other one is vapour absorption type. The Evaporative type inlet air cooling technique is suitable for sites with high ambient temperature and low relative humidity and vapour absorption type is used for a wide range of ambient air temperature. In this study, thermodynamic models of the gas turbine have been developed without inlet air cooling (base case/cycle) with inlet air cooling for analyzing the effects of ambient conditions (temperature and relative humidity) on the performance of the gas turbine. The simulated results obtained from Engineering Equation Solver with inlet air cooling systems (vapour absorption and wetted media evaporator cooler) are compared without inlet air cooling (base cycle) gas turbine. On comparison of results of a gas turbine with inlet air cooling systems to without inlet air cooling at ambient conditions, T_0=298.15K (250C) and ∅=60% it is found that gas turbine with evaporator cooler produces 289kW more power than base case/cycle and 390kW more output power with vapour absorption inlet air cooling.

Keywords:

Gas turbine,Ambient conditions,Daur Sindh Pakistan,Inlet air cooling,Evaporator cooler,Vapour absorption cooler,

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Journal Vol – 17 No -1, January 2022