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INVESTIGATION OF EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION PROCESS OF INDUCED FLOW USING STEAM EJECTOR

Authors:

Shahad Jamal, Akram W. Ezzat

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.02.00007

February 28, 2021

Abstract:

The research aims to understand the design parameters of steam ejector nozzle on the performance of flash evaporation induced by the effect of a steam jet passing through it. The research concentrates on studying the effect of ejector nozzle outlet diameter on induced flow from preheated water in a specified evaporator using a subsonic ejector. The thermal energy extracted from the condensed steam mixture in the condenser is used to heat the water in the evaporator. The experimental tests investigate the effect of nozzle geometry on the induced evaporation process by changing nozzle outlet diameter while keeping the pressure of evaporator, condenser and primary steam constant. The experimental results proved that both primary and secondary steam mass flow rates increase versus nozzle outlet diameter, while the entrainment ratio of secondary to primary steam flow rates decreases due to the restricted increase of the secondary steam mass flow rate. The mathematical model prepared to simulate the behaviour of the subsonic ejector is validated using the comparison between experimental and theoretical results. The mathematical model showed that maximum entrainment of 0.57 is obtained at a primary steam pressure of 2 bars when the nozzle outlet diameter is fixed at 1.5 mm, while minimum entrainment ratio of 0.17 is estimated at 1.5 bar pressure related to primary steam when the nozzle outlet diameter is fixed at 2.5mm. The authors recommend defining nozzle geometrical parameters according to the operating conditions of the experimental test rig to enhance ejector efficiency.

Keywords:

Flash evaporation,Induced flow,Nozzle,Subsonic,Ejector,

Refference:

I. A. Ezzat et al., Investigation of steam jet flash evaporation with solar thermal collectors in water desalination systems, Thermal science and engineering progress, 20 (2020) 100720.
II. Antonio, et al., Thermodynamic modeling of an ejector with compressible flow by one dimensional approach, Entropy 14 (4) (2012) 599–614.
III. kavous Ariafar . Effect of Nozzle Geometry on a Model Thermo compressor Performance – a Numerical Evaluation. Journal ISME 2012
IV. Lam Ratna Raju, Ch. Pavan Satyanarayana, Neelamsetty Vijaya Kavya, : AN APPROACH FOR OPTIMISING THE FLOW RATE CONDITIONS OF A DIVERGENT NOZZLE UNDER DIFFERENT ANGULAR CONDITIONS, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-7, July (2020) pp 608-625.
V. M. Dennis. Solar Cooling Using Variable Geometry Ejectors, 2009, Croll Reynold Steam Ejectors, 2018, https://croll.com/vacuum-systems/applications/
VI. Mehran Ahmadi , Poovanna Thimmaiah ,Majid Bahrami ,Khaled Sedraoui, Hani H. Sait and Ned Djilali . Experimental and numerical investigation of a solar eductorassisted low-pressure water desalination system. Journal Science Bulletin 2016.
VII. N.M.K. Sarath Kumar, A. Vamsi Krishna, G. Shyam Mahesh, K. Bharath Kumar, M. Venkataiah, : CFD ANALYSIS OF RB211 AND CFM56 CHEVRON NOZZLES, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-7, July (2020) pp 405-415.

VIII. Natthawut Ruangtrakoon, Tongchana Thongtip, Satha Aphornratana, Thanarath Sriveerakul.CFD simulation on the effect of primary nozzle geometries for a steam ejector in refrigeration cycle. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2012.
IX. R. Kelso, Applied aerodynamics: compressible flow, PowerPoint Presentation (2018).
X. Seyedali Sabzpoushan, Masoud Darband I and Gerry E. Schneider. Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Operating Conditions on the Performance of a Steam Jet-Ejector. Journal international Conference of Fluid Flow.
XI. S. Han, et al., One-dimensional numerical study of compressible flow ejector, AIAA
XII. J. 40 (7) (2002) 1469–1473.
XIII. S. Liu, et al., Thermodynamic analysis of steam ejector refrigeration cycle, Int. Refrigeration Air Conditioning Conf. (2014) 2306–2307.
XIV. Szabolcs Varga, Armando C. Oliveira, Xiaoli Ma and Siddig A. Omer. Comparison of CFD and experimental performance results of a variable area ratio steam ejector. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies • June 2011
XV. Szabolcs Vargaa, Armando C. Oliveiraa and Bogdan Diaconua. Numerical assessment of steam ejector efficiencies using CFD. International journal of refrigeration, 2009.
XVI. Vineet V. Chandra and M.R. Ahmed. Experimental and computational studies on a steam jet refrigeration system with constant area and variable area ejectors. Journal of Elsevier, 2013.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -2, February 2021

MODIFIED QUADRATURE ITERATED METHODS OF BOOLE RULE AND WEDDLE RULE FOR SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS

Authors:

Umair Khalid Qureshi, Sanaullah Jamali, Zubair Ahmed Kalhoro, Abdul Ghafoor Shaikh

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.02.00008

February 28, 2021

Abstract:

This article is presented a modified quadrature iterated methods of Boole rule and Weddle rule for solving non-linear equations which arise in applied sciences and engineering. The proposed methods are converged quadratically and the idea of developed research comes from Boole rule and Weddle rule. Few examples are demonstrated to justify the proposed method as the assessment of the newton raphson method, steffensen method, trapezoidal method, and quadrature method. Numerical results and graphical representations of modified quadrature iterated methods are examined with C++ and EXCEL. The observation from numerical results that the proposed modified quadrature iterated methods are performance good and well executed as the comparison of existing methods for solving non-linear equations.

Keywords:

Boole Rule and Weddle Rule,convergence criteria,existing methods,graph,results,

Refference:

I. Akram, A. and Q. U. Ann, Newton Raphson Method, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 6. 456-462, 2015.
II. Khatri, A., A. A. Shaikh and K. A. Abro, Closed Newton Cotes Quadrature Rules with Derivatives, ,, Vol.9, No.5, 2019.
III. Liu, Z. and H. Zhang, Steffensen-Type Method of super third-order convergence for solving nonlinear equations, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, vol 2, 581-586, 2014.
IV. Memon Kashif, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Muhammad Saleem Chandio, Abdul Wasim Shaikh, : A NEW AND EFFICIENT SIMPSON’S 1/3-TYPE QUADRATURE RULE FOR RIEMANN-STIELTJES INTEGRAL, J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-11, November (2020) pp 132-148
V. Perhiyar, M. A., S. F. Shah and A. A. Shaikh, Modified Trapezoidal Rule Based Different Averages for Numerical Integration, Mathematical Theory and Modeling, Vol.9, No.9, 2019.
VI. Qureshi, U. K., A New Accelerated Third-Order Two-Step Iterative Method for Solving Nonlinear Equations, Mathematical Theory and Modeling, Vol: 8(5), 2018.
VII. Qureshi, U. K., I. A. Bozdar, A. Pirzada and M. B. Arain, Quadrature Rule Based Iterative Method for the Solution of Non-Linear Equations, Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Pakistan Academy of Sciences A. Physical and Computational Sciences, vol: 56 (1): 39–43, 2019.
VIII. Qureshi, U. K., Z. A. Kalhoro, A. A. Shaikh and A. R. Nagraj, Trapezoidal Second Order Iterated Method for Solving Nonlinear Problems, University of Sindh Journal of Information and Communication Technology (USJICT), Vol: 2(2), 2018.
IX. Shaikh, M. M., M. S. Chandio and A. S. Soomro, A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal, SURJ (Science Series), 48(2), 2016.
X. Umar Sehrish , Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh , Abdul Wasim Shaikh, : A NEW QUADRATURE-BASED ITERATIVE METHOD FOR SCALAR NONLINEAR EQUATIONS, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-10, October (2020) pp 79-93.
XI. Weerakoon, S. and T. G. I. Fernando, 2000, A Variant of Newton’ s Method with Accelerated Third-Order Convergence, Applied Mathematics Letters, vol 13 87-93.
XII. Zafar, F., Saira S. and C. O. E. Burg, New Derivative Based Open Newton-Cotes Quadrature Rules, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Abstract and Applied Analysis Volume 2014.
XIII. Zhao, W. and L. Hongxing, Midpoint Derivative-Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Abstract and Applied Analysis Volume 2013.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -2, February 2021

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAYS CONFIGURATION TO MITIGATE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS

Authors:

D. P. Kothari, Anshumaan Pathak, Utkarsh Pandey

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.02.00009

February 28, 2021

Abstract:

Growth of photovoltaic systems that require more and more productive alternatives, not only in micro-fabrication techniques but also in methods of energy extraction. In recent years, a large number of Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithms with various complexities over decades the ability to efficiently locate the global maximum under partial shading was followed by evolved. Partial Shading Conditions (PSC) play a major role in determining the energy and power productivity of a solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. Under PSC, the SPV panels receive varying levels of solar irradiance, resulting in a decrease in the power generation of the SPV system, and these losses in SPV panels can be minimized by adjusting the configuration of the array/module panels. The panels can be designed to increase production energy and power quality in several different configurations, such as Series(S), Parallel (P), Series-Parallel (SP), Complete Cross Tied (TCT), Bridge Linked (BL) and Honeycomb (HC). This work is aimed at presenting all the configurations already presented in the literature and referencing and evaluating the findings of PSC on SPV systems. In this paper, there are four 4-4 array configurations of solar photovoltaic panels to be addressed. Parallel series (SP), complete cross-linked (TCT), the bridge linked (BL) and honeycomb are four configurations (HC). To decide on the effect of shadow with 10 shading patterns, four simulated models were carried out. For the above-mentioned configuration, the simulated results indicate a power against voltage (PV) curve of 4 to 4 SPV array under PSC. This thesis will be a reference point for useful and important knowledge for researchers in the field of solar panels.

Keywords:

Photo-voltaic cells,Power Enhancement,Partial Shading,series-parallel (SP),total cross-tied (TCT),total cross-tied (TCT),honeycomb (HC),

Refference:

I. Patel H and Agarwal V 2008 Matlab-based modeling to study the effects of partial shading on PV array characteristics. IEEE Transact. on Energy Convers. 23(1) doi: 10.1109/TEC.2007.914308
II. I.S Jha , Subir Sen , Rajesh Kumar & D.P.Kothari “Smart Grid Fundamentals Applications” New Age International Publishers
III. D.P.Kothari , I.J.Nagrath “Power System Engineering – 3rd edition” McGrawHill.
IV. Bidram A, Davoudi A D, and Balog R S 2012 Control and circuit techniques to mitigate partial shading effects in photovoltaic arrays. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 2(4) doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2012.2202879
V. Karatepe, E Syafaruddin and Hiyama T 2010 Simple and high-efficiency photovoltaic system under non- uniform operating conditions. IET Renewable Power Generation 4(4) 354 doi:10.1049/iet- rpg.2009.0150
VI. D.P.Kothari,K.C.SingalandRakeshRanjan,“RenewableEnergySourcesandEmerging Technologies”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi,3rd edition 2021
VII. D.P.KothariandI.J.Nagrath,”ModernPowerSystemAnalysis,”TataMcGrawHill,New Delhi,1980, fifth edition 2021
VIII. Teo J C, Rodney H G, Vigna V R V, Mok H and Tan C 2018 Impact of partial shading on the p- v characteristics and the maximum power of a photovoltaic string. Energies 11 1860 doi: 10.3390/en11071860
IX. Young-Hyok, J Jung D Kim J_G Kim J H Lee T W and Won C Y 2011 A real maximum power point tracking method for mismatching compensation in PV array under partially shaded conditions.
X. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 26(4) doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2010.2089537
XI. Maki A and Valkealahti S 2012 Power losses in long string and parallel-connected short strings of series- connected silicon-based photovoltaic modules due to partial shading conditions. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 27(1) doi: 10.1109/TEC.2011.2175928
XII. Markvart T 2016 From steam engine to solar cells: can thermodynamics guide the development of future generations of photovoltaics? WIREs Energy and Environment doi: 10.1002/wene.204
XIII. Amit Kumar, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Yogesh K. Chauhan Experimental Analysis of Proposed SP-TCT, TCT- BL and CT-HC Configurations under Partial shading Conditions
XIV. Seyedmahmoudian M Mekhilef S Rahmani R Yusof R and Shojaei A A 2014 Maximum power point tracking of partial shaded photovoltaic array using an evolutionary algorithm: A particle swarm optimization technique. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 6(2) doi: 10.1063/1.4868025
XV. Pavlovic T and Ban Z 2013 An improvement of incremental conductance MPPT algorithm for PV systems based on the Nelder–Mead optimization. IEEE 6
XVI. Patel Hiren and Vivek Agarwal, “MATLAB-based modelling to study the effects of partial shading on PV array characteristics,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 1 , pp. 302-310, 2008.
XVII. R. Ramaprabha and B. L. Mathur, “A comprehensive review and analysis of solar photovoltaic array configurations under partial shaded conditions,” International Journal of Photo energy, vol. 2012, 2012.
XVIII. Wang Yaw-Juen and Po-Chun Hsu, “An investigation on partial shading of PV modules with different connection configurations of PV cells,” Energy, vol. 36.5, pp. 3069-3078, 2011.
XIX. Wilson K. Rahul, Y. Srinivasa Rao, : EFFECTS OF PARTIAL SHADING ON DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAYS, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-6 November-December (2019) pp 845-854

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Journal Vol – 16 No -2, February 2021

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BEAM COLUMN JOINTS CONTAINING FRP BARS AND WIRE MESH ARRANGEMENTS

Authors:

Faisal Hayat Khan, M. Fiaz Tahir, Qaiser uz Zaman Khan

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.02.00010

February 28, 2021

Abstract:

This research paper aims at a detailed study of the seismic performance of reinforced concrete Beam-Column Joint (BCJ) under quasi-static cyclic loading. Firstly, the numerical simulations of the previously experimented specimen have been performed by Finite Element Method (FEM) using ABAQUS 6.14. Secondly, the parametric study has been conducted for the validated model by the introduction of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars in the form of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP). An investigation has also been carried out to study the effect of T-304 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh (SSWM) on the strengthening of the finite element numerical model. Ten different numerical models were evaluated which included two sets, the first set includes five models having a control model and the models in which the steel reinforcement was partially or full replaced by CFRP and GFRP bars, the next set contains further five models in which stainless-steel wire mesh was wrapped around the core concrete in the aforementioned models. The results show the evidence for GFRP bars to be used in seismic designing, as have shown an almost 100% increase in deflection with the requisite amount of energy dissipation and ultimate strength capacities. Furthermore, the crack initiation was delayed by 30-40% in terms of deflection when stainless-steel wire mesh was used which controls the damage in the critical zone of BCJ. The prime factors in controlling the crack pattern, energy dissipation, ultimate strength and deflection capacity of beam-column joint were the position of FRP bars, reinforcement ratio, dimensions of beam-column joints and the available economy.

Keywords:

CFRP bars,GFRP bars,wire mesh,beam-column joint,

Refference:

I. A. M. Ibrahim, M. Fahmy & and Z. Wu (2016) 3D finite element modeling of bond-controlled behavior of steel and basalt FRP-reinforced concrete square bridge columns under lateral loading. Composite Structures, 143, 33–52.
II. Alfarah, F. López-Almansa & S. Oller (2017) New methodology for calculating damage variables evolution in Plastic Damage Model for RC structures. Engineering Structures, 132, 70-86.
III. Amir Mirmiran, Wenqing Yuan (2000) Nonlinear finite element modeling of concrete confined by fiber composites. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 35, 79-96.
IV. Ayesha Siddika et. al (2019) Flexural performance of wire mesh and geotextile-strengthened reinforced concrete beam. SN Applied Sciences
V. Dassault Systems Simulia Corporation, (2010) User’s Manual 6.10-EF, Dassault Systems Simulia Corporation, Providence, RI, USA.
VI. De Normalisation CE (2004) Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures, part 1–1.
VII. Genikomsou AS, P. M. ( (2015)) Finite element analysis of punching shear of concrete slabs using damaged plasticity model in ABAQUS. Eng Struct, 98, 38-48.
VIII. Hawileh, R. W. Nawaz & J. A. Abdalla (2018) Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams externally strengthened with Hardwire Steel-Fiber sheets. Construction and Building Materials, 172, 562-573.
IX. Huang, J. Wang & W. Liu (2017) Mechanical properties and reinforced mechanism of the stainless steel wire mesh–reinforced Al-matrix composite plate fabricated by twin-roll casting. 9, 1687814017716639.
X. Kara, Ilker Fatih Ashour, Ashraf F, Dundar & Cengiz (2013) Deflection of concrete structures reinforced with FRP bars. Composites Part B: Engineering, 44, 375-384.
XI. Karabinis, T. C. Rousakis & G. E. Manolitsi (2008) 3D Finite-Element Analysis of Substandard RC Columns Strengthened by Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets. Journal of Composites for Construction, 12, 531-540.
XII. Kazemi, J. Li, S. Lahouti Harehdasht, N. Yousefieh, S. Jahandari & M. Saberian (2020) Non-linear behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP and CFRP bars grouted in sleeves. Structures, 23, 87-102.
XIII. Kmiecik & M. Kami´nski (2011) Modelling of reinforced concrete structures and composite structures with concrete strength degradation taken into consideration. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 623–636.
XIV. M. A. Najafgholipour, S. M. Dehghan, A. Dooshabi & A. Niroomandi (2017) Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beam-column connections with governing joint shear failure mode. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures,, 14, 1200–1225.
XV. M. Elchalakani, A. Karrech, M. Dong, M. S. Mohamed Ali & and B. Yang (2018) Experiments and finite element analysis of GFRP reinforced geopolymer concrete rectangular columns subjected to concentric and eccentric axial loading, . ” Structures, 14, 273–289.
XVI. M. Fiaz Tahir (2015) Response of Seismically Detailed Beam Column Joints Repaired with CFRP Under Cyclic Loading. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 41, 1355-1362.
XVII. Manaha, P. Suprobo & E. Wahyuni (2019) Retrofitting of square reinforced concrete column by welded wire mesh jacketing with consentric axial load. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 508, 012042.
XVIII. Mohamed Mady, Amr El-Ragaby & a. E. El-Salakawy (2011) Seismic Behavior of Beam-Column Joints Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Stirrups. Journal of Composites For Construction ASCE 15, 875-886.
XIX. Muhammad Masood Rafi , A. N., Faris Ali, Didier Talamona (2008) Aspects of behaviour of CFRP reinforced concrete beams in bending. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 277–285.
XX. Nayal & H. A. Rasheed (2006) Tension Stiffening Model for Concrete Beams Reinforced with Steel and FRP Bars. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 18, 831–841.
XXI. Ozbakkaloglu, A. Gholampour & J. C. Lim (2016) Damage-Plasticity Model for FRP-Confined Normal-Strength and High-Strength Concrete. Journal of Composites for Construction, 20.
XXII. Piscesa, B, M. Attard & A. K. Samani (2017) Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Circular Reinforced Concrete Column Confined with FRP using Plasticity Model. Procedia Engineering, 171, 847-856.
XXIII. Raafat El-Hacha & M. Gaafar (2011) Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using prestressed near-surface-mounted CFRP. PCI Journal fall
XXIV. Raza, Ali Khan, Qaiser uz Zaman & Afaq Ahmad (2019) Numerical Investigation of Load-Carrying Capacity of GFRP-Reinforced Rectangular Concrete Members Using CDP Model in ABAQUS. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019, 1745341.
XXV. Rousakis, A. I. Karabinis, P. D. Kiousis & R. Tepfers (2008) Analytical modelling of plastic behaviour of uniformly FRP confined concrete members. Composites Part B: Engineering, 39, 1104-1113.
XXVI. S.M. Mourad & M. J. Shannag (2012) Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete square columns using ferrocement jackets. Cement & Concrete Composites, 34 288–294.
XXVII. Shahzad Khan, Samiullah Qazi, Ali Siddique, Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Saqib, : SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL USING CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS (CFRP), J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-12, December (2020) pp 67-78.
XXVIII. Tahir, Q. Khan, F. Shabbir, N. Ijaz & A. Malik (2017) Performance of RC Columns Confined with Welded Wire Mesh Around External and Internal Concrete Cores. University of Engineering and Technology Taxila. Technical Journal, 22, 8.
XXIX. Usama Ali, Naveed Ahmad, Yaseen Mahmood, Hamza Mustafa, Mehre Munir, : A comparison of Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Resisting Beam-Column Joints vs. Weak Beam Column Joints Using Seismostruct, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.- 3, May-June (2019) pp 289-314.
XXX. Varinder Kumar & P. V. Patel (2016) Strengthening of axially loaded circular concrete columns using stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM) – Experimental investigations. Construction and Building Materials 124 186–198.
XXXI. W. X.M. Liu & Z. Chen (2014) Parameters calibration and verification of concrete damage plasticity model of ABAQUS. Industrial Construction, vol. 44, 167–213.
XXXII. Zhang, K. & Q. Sun (2018) The use of Wire Mesh-Polyurethane Cement (WM-PUC) composite to strengthen RC T-beams under flexure. Journal of Building Engineering, 15, 122-136.
XXXIII. Zike Wang & X.-L. Z. e. al (2017) Durability study on interlaminar shear behaviour of basalt-, glass- and carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (B/G/CFRP) bars in seawater sea sand concrete environment. Construction and Building Materials, 156, 985–1004.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -2, February 2021

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF BRASS SHAFT SPECIMEN UNDER CYCLIC BENDING MOMENTS

Authors:

Haider Abbas Luaibi, Majid Habeeb Faidh - Allah

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00001

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

Fatigue is a form of failure that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic and fluctuating stresses, where failure can occur at a stress level significantly lower than the tensile or yield strength of a static load under these circumstances. The term "fatigue" is used because, after a long period of repetitive stress or stress cycling, this form of failure typically occurs. Fatigue is important because it is the single largest cause of metal failure, estimated to account for about 90% of all metal failures; polymers and ceramics (except glasses) are also prone to this form of failure. This research is studying the failure analysis, fatigue life and endurance limit of brass metal experimental and numerical under cyclic bending moments

Keywords:

Fatigue,Cyclic,Endurance limit,Fatigue life,Brass metal,

Refference:

I. A Karolczuk., Macha E. A review of critical plane orientations in multiaxial fatigue failure criteria of metallic materials. Int J Fract 1995; 134:267–304
II. Aldeeb, T., &Abduelmula, M.,“Fatigue Strength of S275 Mild Steel under Cyclic Loading”, International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 12(10), 564-570, 2018
III. Beden, S. M., Abdullah, S., Ariffin, A. K., Al-Asady, N. A., &Rahman, M. M.,“Fatigue Life Assessment of Different Steel-Based Shell Materials under Variable Amplitude Loading”, European Journal of Scientific Research, 29(1), 157-169, 2009
IV. Bahaideen, F. B., Saleem, A. M., Hussain, K., Ripin, Z. M., Ahmad, Z. A., Samad, Z., &Badarulzaman, N. A. “Fatigue Behaviour of Aluminum Alloy at Elevated Temperature”. Modern applied science, 3(4), 52-61, 2009.‏
V. Glinka, G. And Ince, “A Generalized Fatigue Damage Parameter for Multiaxial Fatigue Life Prediction under Proportional and Non-Proportional Loadings”, International Journal of Fatigue, 62, 34-41, 2014
VI. Hantoosh, Z. K.,“Fatigue Life Prediction at Elevated Temperature under Low – High and High – Low Loading Based on Mechanical Properties Damage Model”, 2012Strength Prediction from Early-Age Data”-Technical Paper, Honor Project, Technical Paper, University of Adelaide.
VII. Hussein Y. Mahmood, Khalid A. Sukkar, Wasan K. Mikhelf. : Corrosion Reduction for Brass Alloy by Using Different Nano-Coated Techniques, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-3, May-June (2019) pp 30-46
VIII. Kopas, P., Jakubovičová, L., Vaško, M., &Handrik, M.,“Fatigue Resistance of Reinforcing Steel Bars”, Procedia Engineering, 136, 193-197, 2016
IX. Kim, K. S Chen, X., Jin, D., &.,“Fatigue Life Prediction of Type 304 Stainless Steel under Sequential Biaxial Loading”, International Journal of Fatigue, 28(3), 289-299, 2006
X. Lalanne , C.,“Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis, Fatigue Damage”, vol. 59, pp: 6-9, 2007
XI. Shreyas, P., Trishul, M. A., Chethan Kumar, R., &KarthikBabu, K. R.,“Design and Fabrication of Dual Specimen Rotating Bending Fatigue Testing Machine”. International Advanced, 2015
XII. Talemi, R. H., Chhith, S., & De Waele, W.,“On Effect of Pre-Bending Process on Low Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of High Strength Steel Using Lock-in Thermography”. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2, 3135-3142, 2016.‏
XIII. Zamen Karm, Hussein Yousif. : Relation Ship Between Hardness And Roughness For dezincification of Brass, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-5, September-October (2019) pp 369-378

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

IMPACT OF BLACK HOLE ATTACK ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING AND OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANETS

Authors:

Waqas Khan, Vishwesh Laxmikant Akre, Khalid Saeed, Asif Nawaz, Tariq Bashir, Adil Khan, Naveed Jan, Sheeraz Ahmed, Zia Ullah Khan

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00002

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are a collection of mobile nodes which are free to move from one place to another place without a central control entity. In MANETs the nodes are dependent on each other and the communication among mobile nodes is multi-hop due to which there are security issues in the MANETs protocols. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols are mostly used as proactive and reactive routing protocols in MANETs. This research work analyzed the performance of the OLSR and DSR protocols in the presence and absence of black hole (BH) attack in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network load in various scenarios using OPNET Modeler 14.5 simulator. The results obtained in this research show that BH attack significantly degrades the performance of both DSR and OLSR protocols but due to the reactive nature of DSR routing protocol the performance is more degraded in DSR routing protocol as compared to OLSR routing protocol in the presence of BH attack.

Keywords:

MANETs,Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols,OLSR,DSR,Malicious Nodes,Black Hole Attack,

Refference:

I. Adam, G., Kapoulas, V., Bouras, C., Kioumourtzis, G., Gkamas, A., &Tavoularis, N. (2011, October). Performance evaluation of routing protocols for multimedia transmission over mobile ad hoc networks. In Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2011 4th Joint IFIP (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
II. Ade, S. A., &Tijare, P. A. (2010). Performance comparison of AODV, DSDV, OLSR and DSR routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, 2(2), 545-548.
III. Aggarwal, R., &Rana, S. A. (2014). Comparitative Survey on Malicious Nodes and Their Attacks in MANET. (IOSR-JCE), 16(3), (PP 93-101).
IV. Arora, N., &Barwar, N. C. (2014). Performance Analysis of Black Hole Attack on different MANET Routing Protocols. International Journal of Computer Science and Information technologies, 5(3), 4417-4419.
V. Babu, E. S., Naganjaneyulu, S., Rao, P. S., & Reddy, G. N. (2019). An Efficient Cryptographic Mechanism to Defend Collaborative Attack Against DSR Protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. In Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems (pp. 21-30). Springer, Singapore.
VI. Chaurasia, M., & Singh, B. P. (2018). Prevention of DOS and Routing Attack in OLSR Under MANET. In Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advancement on Computer and Communication (pp. 287-295). Springer, Singapore.
VII. Dokurer, S., Erten, Y. M., &Acar, C. E. (2007, March). Performance analysis of ad-hoc networks under black hole attacks. In SoutheastCon, 2007. Proceedings. IEEE (pp. 148-153). IEEE.
VIII. Garg, N., & Mahapatra, R. P. (2009). MANET Security issues. IJCSNS, 9(8), 241.
IX. Jaiswal, P., & Kumar, D. R. (2012). Prevention of Black Hole Attack in MANET. IRACST–International Journal of Computer Networks and Wireless Communications (IJCNWC), ISSN, 2250-3501
X, Jamal, T., & Butt, S. A. (2018). Malicious node analysis in MANETS. International Journal of Information Technology, 1-9.
XI. Johnson, D. B., Maltz, D. A., &Broch, J. (2001). DSR: The dynamic source routing protocol for multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Ad hoc networking, 5, 139-172.
XII. Kaur, T., & Singh, A. (2013). Performance Evaluation of MANET with Black Hole Attack Using Routing Protocols. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN, 2248(9622), 1324-1328.
XIII. Mamatha, G. S., & Sharma, D. S. (2010). A highly secured approach against attacks in MANETS. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, 2(5), 1793-8201.
XIV. Mohammad, A. A. K., Mahmood, A. M., & Vemuru, S. (2019). Providing Security Towards the MANETs Based on Chaotic Maps and Its Performance. In Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications (pp. 145-152). Springer, Singapore.
XV. Mohammad, S. N., Singh, R. P., Dey, A., & Ahmad, S. J. (2019). ESMBCRT: Enhance Security to MANETs Against Black Hole Attack Using MCR Technique. In Innovations in Electronics and Communication Engineering (pp. 319-326). Springer, Singapore.
XVI. Mohebi, A., Kamal, E., & Scott, S. (2013). Simulation and analysis of AODV and DSR routing protocol under black hole attack. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 5(10), 19.
XVII. Mani, U., Chandrasekaran, R., & Dhulipala, V. S. (2013). Study and analysis of routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network. Journal of Computer Science, 9(11), 1519.
XVIII. Rohal, P., Dahiya, R., &Dahiya, P. (2013). Study and analysis of throughput, delay and packet delivery ratio in MANET for topology based routing protocols (AODV, DSR and DSDV). international journal for advance research in engineering and technology, 1. (Vol. 1, pp. 54-58).
XIX. Roy A., Deb T. (2018) Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Mandal J., Saha G., Kandar D., Maji A. (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing and Communication Systems. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 24. Springer, Singapore
XX. Saddiki, K., Boukli-Hacene, S., Gilg, M., & Lorenz, P. (2018, September). Trust-Neighbors-Based to Mitigate the Cooperative Black Hole Attack in OLSR Protocol. In International Symposium on Security in Computing and Communication (pp. 117-131). Springer, Singapore.
XXI. Sajjad Muhammad, Khalid Saeed, Tariq Hussain, ArbabWaseem Abbas, Irshad Khalil, Iqtidar Ali, Nida Gul. : Impact of Jelly Fish Attackonthe Performance of DSR Routing Protocol in MANETs, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-4, July-August (2019) pp 132-140
XXII. Salehi, M., Samavati, H., &Dehghan, M. (2012, May). Evaluation of DSR protocol under a new Black hole attack. In Electrical Engineering (ICEE), 2012 20th Iranian Conference on (pp. 640-644). IEEE.
XXIII. Shrestha, A., &Tekiner, F. (2009, December). On MANET routing protocols for mobility and scalability. In Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies, 2009 International Conference on (pp. 451-456). IEEE.
XXIV. Tariq Hussain, Iqtidar Ali, Muhammad Arif, Samad Baseer, Fatima Pervez, Zia Ur Rehman. : AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL ON THE BASIS OF MOBILITY MODELS, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-9, September (2020) pp 306-327.
XXV. Vamsi, P. R., & Kant, K. (2017). Generalized trust model for cooperative routing in MANETs. Wireless Personal Communications, 97(3), 4385-4412.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

A NEW AND EFFICIENT CENTROIDAL MEAN DERIVATIVE-BASED TRAPEZOIDAL SCHEME FOR NUMERICAL CUBATURE

Authors:

Kamran Malik , Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Kashif Memon, Muhammad Saleem Chandio, Abdul Wasim Shaikh

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00003

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

This research presents a new and efficient Centroidal mean derivative-based numerical cubature scheme which has been proposed for the accurate evaluation of double integrals under finite range. The proposed modification is based on the Trapezoidal-type quadrature and cubature rules. The approximate values can only be obtained for some important applications to evaluate the complex double integrals. Higher precision and order of accuracy could be achieved by the proposed scheme. The schemes, in basic and composite forms, with local and global error terms are presented with necessary supporting arguments with their performance evaluation against conventional Trapezoid rule through some numerical experiments. The simultaneously observed error distributions of the proposed schemes are found to be lower than the conventional Trapezoidal cubature scheme in composite form

Keywords:

Cubature,Double integrals,Centroidal mean Derivative-based scheme,Precision,Order of accuracy,Local and global errors,Trapezoid,

Refference:

I. Babolian E., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, On numerical improvement of Gauss-Legendre quadrature rules, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 160(2005) 779-789.
II. Bailey D. H. and J. M. Borwein, “High precision numerical integration: progress and challenges,” Journal of Symbolic Computation ,vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 741–754, 2011.
III. Bhatti, A. A., M.S. Chandio, R.A. Memon and M. M. Shaikh, (2019), “A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51(4): 745-750.

IV. Burden R. L., J. D. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
V. Burg. C. O. E., Derivative-based closed Newton-cotes numerical quadrature, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 218 (2012), 7052-7065.
VI. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, The semi-open Newton- Cotes quadrature rule and its numerical improvement, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 171 (2005) 1129-1140.
VII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of closed Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 165, no. 2,pp. 251–260, 2005.
VIII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 175, no. 1, pp.618–627, 2006.
IX. Jain M. K., S. R. K. Iyengar and R. K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Computation, New Age International (P) Limited, Fifth Edition, 2007.
X. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Some new and efficient derivative-based schemes for numerical cubature., :J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol. 15, No.11, pp. 67-78, 2020.
XI. Memon K., M. M. Shaikh, M. S. Chandio, A. W. Shaikh, “A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral”, 52(01) 37-40 (2020).
XII. Pal M., Numerical Analysis for Scientists and Engineers: theory and C programs, Alpha Science, Oxford, UK, 2007.
XIII. Petrovskaya N., E. Venturino, “Numerical integration of sparsely sampled data,” Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory,vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1860–1872, 2011.
XIV. Ramachandran T. (2016), D. Udayakumar and R. Parimala, “Comparison of Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean Derivative-Based Closed Newton Cotes Quadrature“, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, 35-43 ISSN: 2321 – 9238.
XV. Sastry S.S., Introductory methods of numerical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India, 1997.

XVI. Shaikh, M. M., (2019), “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations – A Comparison”. Turkish Journal of Analysis and NumberTheory,7(4)91-97. doi: 10.12691/tjant-7-4-1.
XVII. Shaikh, M. M., M. S. Chandio and A. S. Soomro, (2016), “A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 48(2): 389-392.
XVIII. Zafar F., S. Saleem and C. O. E. Burg, New derivative based open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules, Abstract and Applied Analysis, Volume 2014, Article ID 109138, 16 pages, 2014.
XIX. Zhao, W., and H. Li, (2013) “Midpoint Derivative- Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature”, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507.
XX. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, (2014), “Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann- Stieltjes Integral”, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33: 369-376.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

AN EFFICIENT TRAPEZOIDAL SCHEME FOR NUMERICAL CUBATURE WITH HERONIAN MEAN DERIVATIVE

Authors:

Kamran Malik , Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Kashif Memon, Muhammad Saleem Chandio, Abdul Wasim Shaikh

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00004

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

This study focuses on the Heronian mean derivative-based numerical cubature scheme to better evaluate double integrals' infinite limits. The proposed modifications rely on the Trapezoidal-type quadrature and cubature schemes. The aforementioned proposed scheme is important to numerically evaluate the complex double integrals, where the exact value is not available but the approximate values can only be obtained. With regards to higher precision and order of accuracy, the proposed Heronian derivative-based double integral scheme provides efficient results. The discussed scheme, in basic and composite forms, with local and global error terms is presented with necessary proofs with their performance evaluation against conventional Trapezoid rule through some numerical experiments. The consequently observed error distributions of the aforementioned scheme are found to be lower than the conventional Trapezoidal cubature scheme in composite form

Keywords:

Cubature,Double integrals,Heronian mean Derivative-based scheme,Precision,Order of accuracyLocal and global errors,Local and global errors,Trapezoid,

Refference:

I. Babolian E., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, On numerical improvement of Gauss-Legendre quadrature rules, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 160(2005) 779-789.
II. Bailey D. H. and J. M. Borwein, “High precision numerical integration: progress and challenges,” Journal of Symbolic Computation ,vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 741–754, 2011.
III. Bhatti, A. A., M.S. Chandio, R.A. Memon and M. M. Shaikh, (2019), “A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51(4): 745-750.
IV. Burden R. L., J. D. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
V. Burg. C. O. E., Derivative-based closed Newton-cotes numerical quadrature, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 218 (2012), 7052-7065.
VI. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, The semi-open Newton- Cotes quadrature rule and its numerical improvement, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 171 (2005) 1129-1140.
VII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of closed Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 165, no. 2,pp. 251–260, 2005.
VIII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 175, no. 1, pp.618–627, 2006.
IX. Jain M. K., S. R. K. Iyengar and R. K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Computation, New Age International (P) Limited, Fifth Edition, 2007.
X. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Some new and efficient derivative-based schemes for numerical cubature., : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol. 15, No.11, pp. 67-78, 2020.
XI. Memon K., M. M. Shaikh, M. S. Chandio, A. W. Shaikh, “A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral”, 52(01) 37-40 (2020).
XII. Pal M., Numerical Analysis for Scientists and Engineers: theory and C programs, Alpha Science, Oxford, UK, 2007.
XIII. Petrovskaya N., E. Venturino, “Numerical integration of sparsely sampled data,” Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory,vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1860–1872, 2011.

XIV. Ramachandran T. (2016), D. Udayakumar and R. Parimala, “Comparison of Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean Derivative-Based Closed Newton Cotes Quadrature“, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, 35-43 ISSN: 2321 – 9238.
XV. Sastry S.S., Introductory methods of numerical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India, 1997.
XVI. Shaikh, M. M., (2019), “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations – A Comparison”. Turkish Journal of Analysis and NumberTheory,7(4)91-97. doi: 10.12691/tjant-7-4-1.
XVII. Shaikh, M. M., M. S. Chandio and A. S. Soomro, (2016), “A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 48(2): 389-392.
XVIII. Zafar F., S. Saleem and C. O. E. Burg, New derivative based open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules, Abstract and Applied Analysis, Volume 2014, Article ID 109138, 16 pages, 2014.
XIX. Zhao, W., and H. Li, (2013) “Midpoint Derivative- Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature”, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507.
XX. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, (2014), “Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann- Stieltjes Integral”, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33: 369-376.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

HERONIAN MEAN DERIVATIVE-BASED SIMPSON’S-TYPE SCHEME FOR RIEMANN-STIELTJES INTEGRAL

Authors:

Kashif Memon , Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Kamran Malik, Muhammad Saleem Chandio, Abdul Wasim Shaikh

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00005

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

In this paper, a new heronian mean derivative-based quadrature scheme of Simpson’s 1/3-type is proposed for the approximation of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral (RS-integral). Theorems are proved related to the basic form, composite form, local and global errors of the new scheme for the RS-integral. The reduction of the new proposed scheme is verified using g(t) = t for Riemann integral. The theoretical results of the new proposed scheme have been proved by experimental work using programming in MATLAB against existing schemes. The order of accuracy, computational cost and average CPU time (in seconds) of the new proposed scheme are determined. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to the existing schemes.

Keywords:

Quadrature rule,Riemann-Stieltjes,Simpson’s 1/3 rule,Composite form,Local error,Global error,Cost-effectiveness,Time-efficiency,Heronian Mean,

Refference:

I. Bartle, R.G. and Bartle, R.G., The elements of real analysis, (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons, 1964.
II. Bhatti AA, Chandio MS, Memon RA and Shaikh MM, A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51.4, (2019): 745-750.
III. Burden, R.L., Faires, J.D., Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
IV. Dragomir, S.S., and Abelman S., Approximating the Riemann-Stieltjes integral of smooth integrands and of bounded variation integrators, Journal of Inequalities and Applications, 2013.1 (2013), 154.
V. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Error analysis of closed Newton-Cotes cubature schemes for double integrals. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (11): 95-107, 2020.
VI. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Some new and efficient derivative-based schemes for numerical cubature. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci.,15 (10): 67-78, 2020.
VII. Mastoi, Adnan Ali, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, and Abdul Wasim Shaikh. A new third-order derivative-based iterative method for nonlinear equations. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 110-123, 2020.
VIII. Memon K, Shaikh MM, Chandio MS and Shaikh AW, A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 52.1, (2020): 37-40.
IX. Memon K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. A new and efficient Simpson’s 1/3-type quadrature rule for Riemann-Stieltjes integral. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (11): 132-148, 2020.
X. Memon, A. A., Shaikh, M. M., Bukhari, S. S. H., & Ro, J. S. Look-up Data Tables-Based Modeling of Switched Reluctance Machine and Experimental Validation of the Static Torque with Statistical Analysis. Journal of Magnetics, 25(2): 233-244, 2020.
XI. Mercer, P.R., Hadamard’s inequality and Trapezoid rules for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Journal of Mathematica Analysis and Applications, 344 (2008), 921-926.
XII. Mercer, P.R., Relative convexity and quadrature rules for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Journal of Mathematica inequality, 6 (2012), 65-68.
XIII. Protter, M.H. and Morrey, C.B., A First Course in Real Analysis . Springer, New York, NY, 1977.
XIV. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Geometric mean derivative-based closed Newton-Cotes quadrature, International Journal of Pure & Engineering Mathematics, 4, 107-116, April 2016.
XV. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Harmonic mean derivative-based closed Newton-Cotes quadrature, IOSR-Journal of Mathematics, 12, 36-41, May-June 2016.
XVI. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Heronian mean derivative- based closed Newton cotes quadrature, International Journal of Mathematical Archive, 7, 53-58, July 2016.
XVII. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Parimala .R, Centroidal mean derivative–based closed Newton cotes quadrature, International Journal of Science and Research, 5, 338-343, August 2016.
XVIII. Shaikh, MM., MS Chandio and AS Soomro, A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series), 48.2, 2016.
XIX. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shafiq-ur-Rehman Massan, and Asim Imdad Wagan. “A new explicit approximation to Colebrook’s friction factor in rough pipes under highly turbulent cases.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015): 538-543.
XX. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shafiq-ur-Rehman Massan, and Asim Imdad Wagan. “A sixteen decimal places’ accurate Darcy friction factor database using non-linear Colebrook’s equation with a million nodes: A way forward to the soft computing techniques.” Data in brief 27 (2019): 104733.
XXI. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba. “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations–A Comparison.” Turkish Journal of Analysis and Number Theory 7.4 (2019): 91-97.
XXII. Umar, Sehrish, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, and Abdul Wasim Shaikh. A new quadrature-based iterative method for scalar nonlinear equations. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 79-93, 2020.
XXIII. Zhao, W., and H. Li, Midpoint Derivative-Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507, (2013).
XXIV. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, Composite Trapezoid rule for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral and its Richardson Extrapolation Formula, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 35 (2015), 311-318.
XXV. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33, (2014), 369-376.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

EFFICIENT DERIVATIVE-BASED SIMPSON’S 1/3-TYPE SCHEME USING CENTROIDAL MEAN FOR RIEMANN-STIELTJES INTEGRAL

Authors:

Kashif Memon , Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Kamran Malik, Muhammad Saleem Chandio, Abdul Wasim Shaikh

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00006

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

In this paper, a new efficient derivative-based quadrature scheme of Simpson’s 1/3-type is proposed using the centroidal mean for the approximation of Riemann-Stieltjes integral (RS-integral). Theorems are proved related to the basic form, composite form, local and global errors of the new scheme for the RS-integral. The reduction of the new proposed scheme is verified using g(t) = t for Riemann integral. The theoretical results of new proposed scheme have been proved by experimental work using programming in MATLAB against existing schemes. The order of accuracy, computational cost and average CPU time (in seconds) of the new proposed scheme are determined. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to the existing schemes.

Keywords:

Quadrature rule,Riemann-Stieltjes integral,Centroidal Mean,Simpson’s 1/3 rule,Composite form,Local error,Global error,Cost-effectiveness,Time-efficiency,

Refference:

I. Bartle, R.G. and Bartle, R.G., The elements of real analysis, (Vol. 2). John Wiley and Sons, 1964.

II. Bhatti AA, Chandio MS, Memon RA and Shaikh MM, A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51.4, (2019): 745-750.
III. Burden, R.L., Faires, J.D., Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
IV. Dragomir, S.S., and Abelman S., Approximating the Riemann-Stieltjes integral of smooth integrands and of bounded variation integrators, Journal of Inequalities and Applications, 2013.1 (2013), 154.
V. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Error analysis of closed Newton-Cotes cubature schemes for double integrals: J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (11): 95-107, 2020.
VI. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Some new and efficient derivative-based schemes for numerical cubature. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 67-78, 2020.
VII. Mastoi, Adnan Ali, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, and Abdul Wasim Shaikh. A new third-order derivative-based iterative method for nonlinear equations. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 110-123, 2020.
VIII. Memon K, Shaikh MM, Chandio MS and Shaikh AW, A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 52.1, (2020): 37-40.
IX. Memon K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. A new and efficient Simpson’s 1/3-type quadrature rule for Riemann-Stieltjes integral. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (11): 132-148, 2020.
X. Memon, A. A., Shaikh, M. M., Bukhari, S. S. H., & Ro, J. S. Look-up Data Tables-Based Modeling of Switched Reluctance Machine and Experimental Validation of the Static Torque with Statistical Analysis. Journal of Magnetics, 25(2): 233-244, 2020.
XI. Mercer, P.R., Hadamard’s inequality and Trapezoid rules for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Journal of Mathematica Analysis and Applications, 344 (2008), 921-926.
XII. Mercer, P.R., Relative convexity and quadrature rules for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Journal of Mathematica inequality, 6 (2012), 65-68.
XIII. Protter, M.H. and Morrey, C.B., A First Course in Real Analysis . Springer, New York, NY, 1977.
XIV. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Geometric mean derivative-based closed Newton-Cotes quadrature, International Journal of Pure & Engineering Mathematics, 4, 107-116, April 2016.
XV. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Harmonic mean derivative-based closed Newton-Cotes quadrature, IOSR-Journal of Mathematics, 12, 36-41, May-June 2016.
XVI. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Heronian mean derivative- based closed Newton cotes quadrature, International Journal of Mathematical Archive, 7, 53-58, July 2016.

XVII. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Parimala .R, Centroidal mean derivative–based closed Newton cotes quadrature, International Journal of Science and Research, 5, 338-343, August 2016.
XVIII. Shaikh, MM., MS Chandio and AS Soomro, A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series), 48.2, 2016.
XIX. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shafiq-ur-Rehman Massan, and Asim Imdad Wagan. “A new explicit approximation to Colebrook’s friction factor in roughpipes under highly turbulent cases.” International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 88 (2015): 538-543.
XX. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shafiq-ur-Rehman Massan, and Asim Imdad Wagan. “A sixteen decimal places’ accurate Darcy friction factor database using non-linear Colebrook’s equation with a million nodes: A way forward to the soft computing techniques.” Data in brief 27 (2019): 104733.
XXI. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba. “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations–A Comparison.” Turkish Journal of Analysis and Number Theory 7.4 (2019): 91-97
XXII. Umar, Sehrish, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, and Abdul Wasim Shaikh. A new quadrature-based iterative method for scalar nonlinear equations. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 79-93, 2020.
XXIII. Zhao, W., and H. Li, Midpoint Derivative-Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507, (2013).
XXIV. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, Composite Trapezoid rule for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral and its Richardson Extrapolation Formula, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 35 (2015), 311-318.
XXV. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33, (2014), 369-376.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ENGINE CRANKSHAFT AT DIFFERENT ANGLE OF CRANK TURNS FOR THREE DIFFERENT MATERIALS

Authors:

Fida Hussain Jamali, Saifullah Samo, Intizar Ali Tunio, Abdul Fatah Abbasi, Qadir Bakhsh Jamali

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00007

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

For many years, engines have been one of the main power machinery of different kinds of applications, and the main part of power machinery is a crankshaft that converts the piston's reciprocating displacement with four-link mechanisms into rotary motion. . The major limitation of the engine crankshaft is fatigue failure due to repeated load caused by bending and torsional load. In this paper, the comparative dynamics structural analysis was carried out for three different materials such as forged steel, cast iron, and chromium-molybdenum steel with different angles of turns of cranks from 0° to 720° and to predict the stresses, deformation, and fatigue life of crankshaft without compromising its weight, strength and reliability. The 3D CAD model was simulated with FEA software. The simulated results show that by applying bending load and torsional load for three materials, the maximum stresses produced in the fillet area of the main bearing journal and in the fillet area of the crankpin journal at a crank angle of 360° respectively. The deformation results revealed that maximum deformation occurs at the mid-surface of the crankpin. From fatigue life prediction it was observed that forged steel and chromium-molybdenum steel shows better fatigue life as compared to cast iron. Moreover, in the comparative study, it was concluded that chromium-molybdenum steel shows fewer stresses and better fatigue life. Therefore it is suggested that chromium-molybdenum steel would be the better option for manufacturing crankshaft.

Keywords:

Dynamics Analysis,Engine Crankshaft,Finite Element Analysis,Fatigue Life,Stress Distribution,Deformation Distribution,

Refference:

I. Aldhaidhawi Mohanad, Muneer Naji, Abdel Nasser Ahmed. : EFFECT OF IGNITION TIMINGS ON THE SI ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS FUELED WITH GASOLINE, ETHANOL AND LPG, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-6, June (2020) pp 390-401
II. Degefe, M., P. Paramasivam, and T. Dabasa, “Optimization and Finite Element Analysis of Single Cylinder Engine Crankshaft for Improving Fatigue Life”. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2017. 1(3): p. 58-68.
II. Fonte, M., et al., Failure mode analysis of two crankshafts of a single cylinder diesel engine. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2015. 56: p. 185-193.
III. Gopal, G.; Kumar, L. S.; Reddy, K. V. B.; Rao, M. U. M. and Srinivasulu, G. Analysis of Piston, Connecting Rod and Crank Shaft Assembly. Materials Today: Proceedings 2017, 4, 7810-7819.

IV. Horváth, P. and Égert, J. Stress Analysis and Weight Reduction of a One-Cylinder Engine Crankshaft. Acta Technica Jaurinensis 2015, 8, 201-217.
V. Metkar, R.M., et al., “Evaluation of FEM based fracture mechanics technique to estimate life of an automotive forged steel crankshaft of a single cylinder diesel engine”. Procedia Engineering, 2013. 51: p. 567-572.
VI. Montazersadgh, F.H. and A. Fatemi, Dynamic load and stress analysis of a crankshaft. 2007, SAE Technical Paper.
VII. Pratiksha M. Nargolkar. “Analysis of Crankshaft”. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research, 2015.p.122-127.
VIII. R. Jagadeesh Kumar, K. Phaniteja, K. Sambasiva Rao. “Transient Structural Analysis Of A Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Petrol Engine Crankshaft,” international journal of advanced technology in engineering and science., 2017 vol .5, pp 559-612.
IX. Sandya, K.; Keerthi, M. and Srinivas, K. Modeling and Stress Analysis of Crankshaft Using Fem Package Ansys. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology IRJET 2016, 3, 687-693.
X. Saurabh P. Jangam, Satish Kumar, Shruti Maheshwari.” Literature review on analysis of various components of IC engine”. Materials Today: Proceedings,2018.:p. 19027–19033.
XI. Thejasree, P., G.D. Kumar, and S.L.P. Lakshmi, “Modelling and Analysis of Crankshaft for passenger car using ANSYS”. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017. 4(10): p. 11292-11299.
XII. Witek, L.; Sikora, M.; Stachowicz, F. and Trzepiecinski, T. Stress and Failure Analysis of the Crankshaft of Diesel Engine. Engineering Failure Analysis 2017, 82, 703-712.
XIII. Williams, J.R., F. Montazersadgh, and A. Fatemi, Fatigue Performance Comparison and Life Predictions of Forged Steel and Ductile Cast Iron Crankshafts. 2007, University of Toledo.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

ON ASYMPTOTIC APPROXIMATIONS OF THE SOLUTION FOR TRANSLATING STRING UNDER EXTERNAL DAMPING

Authors:

Sindhu Jamali, Khalid H. Malak, Sanaullah Dehraj, Sajad H. Sandilo, Zubair A. Kalhoro

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00008

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

In this paper, a mathematical model for an externally damped axially moving string is studied. This mathematical model is a second order partial differential equation which is a wave-like equation. The String is assumed to be externally damped by the viscous medium such as oil, and there is no restriction on the parametric values of the damping parameter. From a physical point of view, a string is represented as a chain moving in oil in the  positive horizontal direction between pair of pulleys. The axial speed of the string is assumed to be constant, positive and small compared to wave-velocity. To approximate the exact solutions of the initial-boundary value problem, the straightforward expansion method has been used to obtain valid approximations. It will be shown that if the damping parameter is neglected then the method breaks down as expected, and if damping is present in the system then the amplitudes of the oscillations are damped out and, solutions are valid and uniform.

Keywords:

axially moving string,viscous damping,straightforward expansion method,

Refference:

I. A. A. Maitlo, S. H. Sandilo, A. H. Sheikh, R. A. Malookani, and S. Qureshi, On aspects of viscous damping for an axially transporting string, Sci. Int.(Lahore) Vol. 28, No. 4, 3721–3727(2016).
II. Darmawijoyo and W. T. Van Horssen, On the weakly damped vibrations of a string attached to a spring mass dashpot system, J. Vib. Control. Vol. 9, No. 11, 1231–1248(2003).
III. Darmawijoyo and W. T. Van Horssen, On boundary damping for a weakly nonlinear wave equation, Nonlinear Dyn. Vol. 30, No. 2, 179–191(2002).
IV. Darmawijoyo , W. T. Van Horssen, and P. H. Clément, On a rayleigh wave equation with boundary damping, Nonlinear Dyn. Vol. 33 , 399–429(2003).
V. J. W. Hijmissen, On aspects of boundary damping for cables and vertical beams, PhD Thesis (2008), Delf University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
VI. K. Marynowski and T. Kapitaniak, Zener internal damping in modelling of axially moving viscoelastic beam with time-dependent tension, Int. J. Non. Linear. Mech. Vol. 42, No. 1, 118–131(2007).
VII. Khalid H. Malik , Sanaullah Dehraj, Sindhu Jamali, Sajad H. Sandilo, Asif Mehmood Awan. : On transversal vibrations of an axially moving Beam under influence of viscous damping. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-11, pp. 12-22 (2020).
VIII. M. A. Zarubinskaya and W. T. van Horssen, On aspects of boundary damping for a rectangular plate, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 292, No. 3–5, 844–853(2006).
IX. N. Jakšić and M. Boltežar, Viscously damped transverse vibrations of an axially moving string, Journal Mech. Eng. Vol. 51, No. 9, 560–569 (2005).
X. N. V. Gaiko and W. T. van Horssen, On the transverse, low frequency vibrations of a traveling string with boundary damping, J. Vib. Acoust. Vol. 137, No. 4, 041004-1041004-10(2015).
XI. R. A. Malookani and W. T. Van Horssen, On resonances and the applicability of Galerkin’s truncation method for an axially moving string with time-varying velocity, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 344, 1–17(2015).
XII. R. A. Malookani, S. Dehraj, and S. H. Sandilo, Asymptotic approximations of the solution for a traveling string under boundary damping, J. Appl. Comput. Mech. Vol. 5, No. 5, 918–925(2019).
XIII. R. Heberman, Applied partial differential equations, Pearson Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (2004).
XIV. S. Krenk, Vibrations of a taut cable with an external damper, J. Appl. Mech. Vol. 67, No. 4, 772–776(2000).
XV. S. M. Shahruz, Stability of a nonlinear axially moving string with the Kelvin-Voigt damping,J. Vib Acoust. Vol. 131 No. 1, 014501 (4 pages) (2009).

XVI. S. V. Ponomareva and W. T. Van Horssen, On transversal vibrations of an axially moving string with a time-varying velocity, Nonlinear Dyn. Vol. 50, No. 1–2, 315–323(2007).
XVII. S. H. Sandilo, R. A. Malookani and A. H. Sheikh, On oscillations of an axially translating tensioned beam under viscous damping, Sci. Int. (Lahore) Vol. 28, No. 4, 4123–4127(2016).
XVIII. S. H. Sandilo and W. T. Van Horssen, On variable length induced vibrations of a vertical string, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 333, No. 11, 2432–2449(2014).
XIX. S. Dehraj, S. H. Sandilo, and R. A. Malookani, On applicability of truncation method for damped axially moving string, J. Vibroengineering. Vol. 22, No. 2 337–352(2020).
XX. Sidra Saleem, Imran Aziz and M. Z Hussain, Numerical solution of vibration equation using Haar Wavelet, Punjab Univ. J. Math. Vol. 51 No.3, 89-100(2019).
XXI. S. Dehraj, R. A. Malookani, and S. H. Sandilo, On Laplace transform and (In) stability of externally damped axially moving string, J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-8, pp. 282-298(2020).
XXII. T. Akkaya and W. T. Van Horssen, On the transverse vibrations of strings and beams on semi-infinite domains, Procedia IUTAM. Vol. 19, 266–273(2016).
XXIII. T. Akkaya and W. T. van Horssen, On constructing a Green’s function for a semi-infinite beam with boundary damping, Meccanica. Vol. 52, No.10, 2251–2263(2017).
XXIV. W. T. Van Horssen and S. V. Ponomareva, On the construction of the solution of an equation describing an axially moving string, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 287, No. 1–2, 359–366(2005).

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

DILEMMAS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT DUE TO SCARCE RISK ANALYSIS

Authors:

Fazal E Rahim Afridi, Muhammad Zeeshan Ahad

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.03.00009

March 26, 2021

Abstract:

In this study, the authors try to compute the importance of risk management in construction industries and try to validate that risk management is a vital tool to manage the project for this purpose about 150 questionnaires were distributed to stakeholders a response rate of 66% thereby achieved acceptable for the construction industry. 86 % of respondents were over 30 years of age. While 67 % of respondents were having experience of over 10 years in construction. Maximum of the respondents were at the key positions in their organizations. Results of the survey have vividly shown that the construction industry faces many challenges and uncertainties. The trends are that as the business environment grows more complex and dynamic, the risks and uncertainties which construction organizations face also get complex and significant.   

Keywords:

risk management,construction industries,uncertainties,

Refference:

I. Acar, E., Göç, Y., 2011. Prediction of risk perception by owners’ psychological traits in small building contractors. Construction Management and Economics. 29, 841–852. doi:10.1080/01446193.2011.611521
II. Adeed Khan, Asif Subhan, Muhammad Hasnain, Mohammad Adil, Muhammad Amar Rafiq, Mehre Munir. : Identification of Risk Management in Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Project Peshawar. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.2, March-April (2019) pp 87-99
III. Akintoye, A.S., MacLeod, M.J., 1997. Risk analysis and management in construction. International Journal of Project Management. 15, 31–38. doi:10.1016/S0263-7863(96)00035-X
IV. Cagliano, A.C., Grimaldi, S., Rafele, C., 2015. Choosing project risk management techniques. A theoretical framework. Journal of Risk Research. 18, 232– 248. doi:10.1080/13669877.2014.896398
V. Hwang, B.-G., Zhao, X., Toh, L.P., 2014. Risk management in small construction projects in Singapore: Status, barriers and impact. Int. Journal. Project. Managers. 32, 116–124. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.01.007
VI. Iqbal, S., Choudhry, R.M., Holschemacher, K., Ali, A., Tamošaitienė, J., 2015. Risk management in construction projects. Technol. Econ. Dev. Econ. 21, 65– 78. doi:10.3846/20294913.2014.994582
VII. Kaplinski, O., 2013. Risk Management of Construction Works by Means of the Utility Theory: A Case Study. Procedia Engineering. 57, 533–539. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.068
VIII. Muhammad Iqbal1*, Imtiaz Khan2 , Fawad Ahmad3 , Muhammad Zeeshan Ahad4 , Mehre Munir. : Factors Affecting the Performance of Construction Projects in, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-3, May-June (2019) pp 336-358
IX. Nieto-Morote, A., Ruz-Vila, F., 2011. A fuzzy approach to construction project risk assessment. International Journal of Project Management. 29, 220–231. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.02.002
X. Tang, W., Qiang, M., Duffield, C., Young, D., Lu, Y., 2007. Risk Management in the Chinese Construction Industry. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 133, 944–956. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:12(944)

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Journal Vol – 16 No -3, March 2021

GREEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA AND BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Authors:

D. P. Kothari, Anshumaan Pathak

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.04.00001

April 24, 2021

Abstract:

The green building design aims to minimize the need for the non-renewable energy of these resources, optimize their sustainability and maximize their conservation, recycling and usage. The use of effective building materials and construction techniques is maximized. Architectural bioclimatic technology will also optimize on-site usage of sources and sinks. It requires only minimum electricity to fuel itself and efficient appliances to meet its lighting, air-conditioning and other needs. Green buildings architecture optimizes the use of renewable energies and efficient waste and water management methods to create practical and hygienic working conditions for indoor environments. Materials such as chemical, physical and mechanical material properties and an appropriate specification are the fundamental elements of construction design and responsible for the mechanical strength of the design. The construction of green buildings is also the first step in choosing and utilizing eco-friendly materials with or better characteristics than traditional building materials. Based on the practical, technical and financial requirements, construction materials are usually selected. But, given that sustainable development has been a core issue in recent decades, building industry that is directly or indirectly responsible for a substantial share of annual environmental destruction, by pursuing environmentally sound constructions and buildings should take responsibility for contributing to sustainable growth. The quickest way for manufacturers to start integrating environmental design practices into buildings would be the diligent procurement of eco-friendly sustainable construction materials, including options for new material uses, recycling and reusing, organic product creation and green resource use. This paper aims to show how green building materials will help reduce the impact on the atmosphere and create a cleaner building that can be healthy for the occupant or our environment. In the sustainable progress of a nation, the choice of building materials that have reduced environmental burdens is helpful.  

Keywords:

Green Building,Materials selection,Construction Industry,Rat Bond,Cavity Wall,Thermal insulation,Eco-friendly wall,Green Roof & Greenhouse,

Refference:

I. Adeed Khan, Muhammad Tehseen Khan, Muhammad Zeeshan Ahad, Mohammad Adil, Mazhar Ali Shah, Syed Khaliq Shah. : STRENGTH ASSESSMENT OF GREEN CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURAL USE. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-9, September (2020) pp 294-305. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.2020.09.00024
II. Allen, Jennifer H., and Thomas Potiowsky. “Portland’s green building cluster: Economic trends and impacts.” Economic Development Quarterly 22, no. 4 (2008): 303-315.
III. Cooper, I. Which focus for building assessment methods: Environmental performance or sustainability? Build. Res. Inf. 1999, 27, 321-331.
IV. Edwards B, editor. Green buildings pay. 2nd ed. London; New York: Spon Press; 2003.
V. Fernandez, J.E. Material Architecture: Emergent Materials for Innovative Buildings and Ecological Construction Architectural Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Boston, MA, USA, 2006.
VI. Hulme, J.; Radford, N. Sustainable Supply Chains That Support Local Economic Development; Prince’s Foundation for the Built Environment. 2010.
VII. Kats G. The cost and financial benefits of green buildings: a report to California’s sustainable building task force. Sacramento, CA: Sustainable Building Task Force; 2003.
VIII. Moeck M, Yoon JY. Green buildings and potential electric light energy savings. Journal of Architectural Engineering 2004; 10(4):143–59.
IX. Muse A, Plaut JM. An inside look at LEED: experienced practitioners reveal the inner workings of LEED. Journal of Green Building 2006; 1(1):3–8.
X. Pulselli RM, Simoncini E, and Pulselli FM, Bastianoni S., Energy analysis of building manufacturing, maintenance and use: building indices to evaluate housing sustainability. Energy and Buildings 2007; 39(5):620–8.
XI. Ries R, Bilec M, Gokhan NM, Needy KL. The economic benefits of green buildings: a comprehensive case study. The Engineering Economist 2 006; 51(3):259–95.
XII. Ries R, Bilec M, Gokhan NM, Needy KL. The economic benefits of green buildings: a comprehensive case study. The Engineering Economist 2006; 51(3):259–95.
XIII. Ross B, Lopez-Alcala M, Small III AA. Modeling the private financial returns from green building investments. Journal of Green Building 2006; 2(1):97–105.
XIV. Samiullah Qazi, Attaul Haq, Sajjad Wali Khan, Fasih Ahmad Khan, Rana Faisal Tufail. : EVALUATE THE INFLUENCE OF STEEL FIBERS ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE USING PLASTIC WASTE AS FINE AGGREGATES. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-12, December (2020) pp 27-35. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.2020.12.00003
XV. Seyfang, G. Community action for sustainable housing: Building a low carbon future. Energy Policy 2009a,doi:10.1016/j.enpol. 2009.10.027.
XVI. Thormark C. The effect of material choice on the total energy need and recycling potential of a building. Building and Environment 2006; 41(8):1019–26.
XVII. Wang W, Zmeureanua R, Rivard H. Applying multi-objective genetic algorithms in green building design optimization. Building and Environment 2005; 40(11):1512–25.
XVIII. Yu C. Environmentally sustainable acoustics in urban residential areas. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Sheffield, UK: School of Architecture; 2008.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -4, April 2021

A PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRAPEZOIDAL VARIANTS FOR NUMERICAL CUBATURE

Authors:

Kamran Malik, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Kashif Memon, Muhammad Saleem Chandio, Abdul Wasim Shaikh

DOI NO:

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2021.04.00002

April 24, 2021

Abstract:

In this work, double integration cubature schemes of Trapezoid type have been focused. Recently, some derivative-based Trapezoid-type schemes have been proposed in literature incorporating derivatives at means of the limits of integration. We carry out the exhaustive performance evaluation of the existing closed Newton-Cotes Trapezoidal (CNCT) double integral scheme with its derivative-based variants in recent literature. The derivative-free and derivative-based rules are discussed in basic forms with local error terms and composite forms with global error terms. The performance of the rules on some double integrals in the form of observed order of accuracy, computational costs and error drops demonstrates the encouraging performance of the derivative-based trapezoidal variants over the derivative-free scheme performing numerical experiments.

Keywords:

Cubature,Double integrals,Derivative-based schemes,Order of accuracy,computational cost,errors,Trapezoid,

Refference:

I. Babolian E., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, On numerical improvement of Gauss-Legendre quadrature rules, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 160(2005) 779-789.
II. Bailey D. H. and J. M. Borwein, “High precision numerical integration: progress and challenges,” Journal of Symbolic Computation ,vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 741–754, 2011.
III. Bhatti, A. A., M.S. Chandio, R.A. Memon and M. M. Shaikh, (2019), “A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51(4): 745-750.
IV. Burden R. L., J. D. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
V. Burg. C. O. E., Derivative-based closed Newton-cotes numerical quadrature, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 218 (2012), 7052-7065.
VI. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, The semi-open Newton- Cotes quadrature rule and its numerical improvement, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 171 (2005) 1129-1140.
VII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of closed Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 165, no. 2,pp. 251–260, 2005.
VIII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 175, no. 1, pp.618–627, 2006.
IX. Jain M. K., S. R. K. Iyengar and R. K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Computation, New Age International (P) Limited, Fifth Edition, 2007.
X. Kamran Malik, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Muhammad Saleem Chandio, Abdul Wasim Shaikh. : ‘SOME NEW AND EFFICIENT DERIVATIVE-BASED SCHEMES FOR NUMERICAL CUBATURE’. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-10, October (2020) pp 67-78. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.2020.10.00005
XI. Memon K., M. M. Shaikh, M. S. Chandio, A. W. Shaikh, “A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral”, 52(01) 37-40 (2020).
XII. Pal M., Numerical Analysis for Scientists and Engineers: theory and C programs, Alpha Science, Oxford, UK, 2007.
XIII. Petrovskaya N., E. Venturino, “Numerical integration of sparsely sampled data,” Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory,vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1860–1872, 2011.
XIV. Ramachandran T. (2016), D. Udayakumar and R. Parimala, “Comparison of Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean Derivative-Based Closed Newton Cotes Quadrature“, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, 35-43 ISSN: 2321 – 9238.
XV. Sastry S.S., Introductory methods of numerical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India, 1997.
XVI. Shaikh, M. M., (2019), “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations – A Comparison”. Turkish Journal of Analysis and NumberTheory,7(4)91-97. doi: 10.12691/tjant-7-4-1.
XVII. Shaikh, M. M., M. S. Chandio and A. S. Soomro, (2016), “A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 48(2): 389-392.
XVIII. Zafar F., S. Saleem and C. O. E. Burg, New derivative based open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules, Abstract and Applied Analysis, Volume 2014, Article ID 109138, 16 pages, 2014.
XIX. Zhao, W., and H. Li, (2013) “Midpoint Derivative- Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature”, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507.
XX. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, (2014), “Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann- Stieltjes Integral”, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33: 369-376.

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Journal Vol – 16 No -4, April 2021