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Abstract:

This paper presents the application of automation techniques in different areas of aerospace industry such as; 4D printing prospects, automated aircraft tracking, laser marking, automated fiber placement, acoustic emission detection, analysis of the aircraft carrier for landing task, flexible and automated production, function allocation between automation and human pilot, automated selection and assembly, autonomous control reconfiguration, sensor monitoring during the process. In this study, we have explored the existing automation techniques and also find out a better way to implement in the future to minimize the human efforts and time. These technologies based on automation and artificial intelligence that will help us to make the process more efficient, stable and flexible. Moreover, aspects of the changeability and adaptiveness of the automation system have to be considered. The aim of this study to identify the opportunities and scope for future research trends in the field of aerospace industries.

Keywords:

Automation,Robotics,Artificial Intelligence,4-D Printing,3-D printing,Aerospace,

Refference:

I. Beeco JA, Joyce D. Automated aircraft tracking for park and landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2019;186:103–11.

II. Centobelli P, Teti R, Andersen LA. Sensor monitoring during tack welding of aerospace components. Procedia CIRP. 2015;33:327–32.

III. Denkena B, Schmidt C, Weber P. Automated fiber placement head for manufacturing of innovative aerospace stiffening structures. Procedia Manufacturing. 2016;6:96–104.

IV. Dammann M, Schüppstuhl T. Automated selection and assembly of sets of blades for jet engine compressors and turbines. Procedia Manufacturing. 2018;16:53–60.

V. Eschena H, Harnischa M, Schüppstuhla T. Flexible and automated production of sandwich panels for aircraft interior. Procedia Manufacturing. 2018;18:35–42.

VI. Gao Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Li X, Ou G. Design and evaluation of a high performance distributed expert system (HPDES) for aerospace ground verification system. Procedia Computer Science. 2012;9:1380–9.

VII. Holford KM, Eaton MJ, Hensman JJ, Pullin R, Evans SL, Dervilis N, et al. A new methodology for automating acoustic emission detection of metallic fatigue fractures in highly demanding aerospace environments: An overview. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 2017;90:1–11.

VIII. Hess RA. Analysis of the Aircraft Carrier Landing Task, Pilot+ Augmentation/Automation. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2019;51(34):359–65.

IX. Han W, Bai X, Xie J. Assessment Model of the Architecture of the Aerospace Embedded Computer. Procedia Engineering. 2015;99:991–8.

X. Idris H, Enea G, Lewis TA. Function Allocation between Automation and Human Pilot for Airborne Separation Assurance. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2016;49(19):25–30.

XI. Jun X, Junjia H, Chunyan Z. Dynamic analysis of contact bounce of aerospace relay based on finite difference method. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 2009;22(3):262–7.

XII. Möller C, Schmidt HC, Koch P, Böhlmann C, Kothe S-M, Wollnack J, et al. Machining of large scaled CFRP-Parts with mobile CNC-based robotic system in aerospace industry. Procedia manufacturing. 2017;14:17–29.

XIII. Ntouanoglou K, Stavropoulos P, Mourtzis D. 4D Printing Prospects for the Aerospace Industry: a critical review. Procedia Manufacturing. 2018;18:120–9.

XIV. Pei C, Zongji C, Rui Z, Chen W. Autonomous control reconfiguration of aerospace vehicle based on control effectiveness estimation. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 2007;20(5):443–51.

XV. Velotti C, Astarita A, Leone C, Genna S, Minutolo FMC, Squillace A. Laser marking of titanium coating for aerospace applications. Procedia CIRP. 2016;41:975–80.

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Abstract:

In this present study, we have discussed the different types of waste materials from different industries like mechanical, electrical, electronics, automobiles, medical and agriculture industries. Moreover, industrial waste is one of the biggest problems in INDIA. Thereafter, the waste management process is required to recycle waste materials. The main problem is in the recycling process is to higher cost and time-consuming. The main aim of this study to identify the biomass converted material like pyrolysis of biomass, biomass-waste, gasification of harmful gases, carbon-based supercapacitor, silica, macadamia shell waste, lithium Sulphur battery and rise husk etc. from the different industries and try to convert that materials into a useful materials by using different types of conversion approaches. There are different types of conversion techniques are available like CVD, hydrothermal process, Thermolysis, Pyrolysis, combustion, and chemical treatments. However, this process applied on the basis of types of waste material. Moreover, in this study, we have discussed the different types of biomass converted waste materials and their conversion approaches.

Keywords:

Graphene,Waste,Bio precursors,Biomass,Glucose,Rice husk,Hemp,

Refference:

I. B. Ruiz, R. P. Girón, I. Suárez-Ruiz, and E. Fuente, “From fly ash of forest biomass combustion (FBC) to micro-mesoporous silica adsorbent materials,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 105, pp. 164–174, 2017.

II. G. V. Nivea Raghavan, Sakthivel Thangavel, “A short review on preparation of graphene from waste and bioprecursors,” Applied Energy, vol. 7, pp. 246–254, 2017.

III. J. A. S. Costa and C. M. Paranhos, “Systematic evaluation of amorphous silica production from rice husk ashes,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 192, pp. 688–697, 2018.

IV. K. Yang et al., “Biomass‐Derived Porous Carbon with Micropores and Small Mesopores for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” Chemistry–A European Journal, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 3239–3244, 2016.

V. L. H. Nguyen and V. G. Gomes, “High efficiency supercapacitor derived from biomass based carbon dots and reduced graphene oxide composite,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 832, pp. 87–96, 2019.

VI. M. Chen et al., “Honeycomb‐like Nitrogen and Sulfur Dual‐Doped Hierarchical Porous Biomass‐Derived Carbon for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” ChemSusChem, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1803–1812, 2017.

VII. N. Zhou et al., “Silicon carbide foam supported ZSM-5 composite catalyst for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass,” Bioresource technology, vol. 267, pp. 257–264, 2018.

VIII. N. Raghavan, S. Thangavel, and G. Venugopal, “A short review on preparation of graphene from waste and bioprecursors,” Applied Materials Today, vol. 7, pp. 246–254, 2017.

IX. R. Zhong and B. F. Sels, “Sulfonated mesoporous carbon and silica-carbon nanocomposites for biomass conversion,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 236, pp. 518–545, 2018.

X. S. Maroufi, M. Mayyas, and V. Sahajwalla, “Waste materials conversion into mesoporous silicon carbide nanocermics: Nanofibre/particle mixture,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 157, pp. 213–221, 2017.

XI. S. Imtiaz et al., “Biomass-derived nanostructured porous carbons for lithium-sulfur batteries,” Science China Materials, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 389–407, 2016.

XII. S. S. Shams, L. S. Zhang, R. Hu, R. Zhang, and J. Zhu, “Synthesis of graphene from biomass: a green chemistry approach,” Materials Letters, vol. 161, pp. 476–479, 2015.

XIII. V. S. Samane Maroufi, Mohannad Mayyas, “Waste Materials Conversion into Mesoporous Silicon Carbide Nanoceramics: Nanofiber/Particle Mixture,” Journal of cleaner production, 2017.

XIV. W. Wang, L. Tian, W. Song, L. Lv, and Z. Tu, “Twisted angle effects in the absorption spectra of carbon nanotube,” Optik, vol. 171, pp. 845–849, 2018.

XV. W. Du, X. Wang, X. Sun, J. Zhan, H. Zhang, and X. Zhao, “Nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon using biomass-derived activated carbon/carbonized polyaniline composites for supercapacitor electrodes,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 827, pp. 213–220, 2018.

XVI. W. Zhang et al., “Hierarchical porous carbon prepared from biomass through a facile method for supercapacitor applications,” Journal of colloid and interface science, vol. 530, pp. 338–344, 2018.

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Abstract:

A composite material is a combination of two or more materials arranged in the form of layer one on the other layer using binding material through some prescribed methods. The Bio-epoxy composite is prepared by hand layup method using Bio-epoxy, natural fiber, and particulate here we discuss the properties and characterization of the composite such as reaction with moisture content in soil, degradability and reaction with water. In this paper, the moisture absorption rate as a function of time is discussed with reference to the Bio-epoxy prepared. The matrix structure is the same as that of any composite but the reinforced material used is the hybrid being the natural epoxy. The bio epoxy hybrid composite is having high moisture absorbing capacity which leads to low flexibility in the specimen. The natural fiber used here as well as the particulate is readily degradable in soil when exposed to a specific time. The matrix reinforced hybrid composite used here is flexible in its very nature indicating its adaptability to various uses. The composite is eco-friendly. There is also a comparison between the traditional epoxy and the bio composites to check the time required for degradation. The usage of these bio composites makes the surrounding less harmful and it also cost-effective. There was also a test conducted for bio composites with water and soil for 72 hours. The natural fibers used havea high affinity for water therefore degradation easily takes place along with reinforced particulate material that is Tulsi seeds. In this article synthesis and characterization of hybrid bio-epoxy composite, and the reaction of these composites in wet environmental conditions are discussed.

Keywords:

Green Composites,Areca fiber,Ocimumtenuiflorum (Tulsi) seeds,bio epoxy,degradation,

Refference:

I. A. D. La Rosa, G. Recca, J. Summerscales, A. Latteri, G. Cozzo, and G. Cicala, “Bio-based versus traditional polymer composites. A life cycle assessment perspective,” Journal of cleaner production, vol. 74, pp. 135–144, 2014.

II. A. Shakeri and M. Raghimi, “Studies on mechanical performance and water absorption of recycled newspaper/glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 994–1005, 2010.

III. A. Ashori and S. Sheshmani, “Hybrid composites made from recycled materials: Moisture absorption and thickness swelling behavior,” Bioresource technology, vol. 101, no. 12, pp. 4717–4720, 2010.

IV. B. Szolnoki et al., “Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 119, pp. 68–76, 2015.

V. E. Munoz and J. A. García-Manrique, “Water absorption behaviour and its effect on the mechanical properties of flax fibre reinforced bioepoxy composites,” International Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 2015, 2015.

VI. H.-S. Yang, H.-J. Kim, H.-J. Park, B.-J. Lee, and T.-S. Hwang, “Water absorption behavior and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic filler–polyolefin bio-composites,” Composite Structures, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 429–437, 2006.

VII. H.-S. Yang, H.-J. Kim, H.-J. Park, B.-J. Lee, and T.-S. Hwang, “Water absorption behavior and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic filler–polyolefin bio-composites,” Composite Structures, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 429–437, 2006.

VIII. K. G. Satyanarayana, G. G. C. Arizaga, and F. Wypych, “Biodegradable composites based on lignocellulosic fibers—An overview,” Progress in polymer science, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 982–1021, 2009.

IX. K. L. Pickering, M. G. A. Efendy, and T. M. Le, “A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 83, pp. 98–112, 2016.

X. K. P. Ashik and R. S. Sharma, “A review on mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites,” Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, vol. 3, no. 05, p. 420, 2015.

XI. M. Jawaid, H. P. S. A. Khalil, P. N. Khanam, and A. A. Bakar, “Hybrid composites made from oil palm empty fruit bunches/jute fibres: Water absorption, thickness swelling and density behaviours,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 106–109, 2011.

XII. N. Saba, M. Jawaid, O. Y. Alothman, and M. T. Paridah, “A review on dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 106, pp. 149–159, 2016.

XIII. P. B. Van Putten, P. J. Coenraads, and J. P. Nater, “Hand dermatoses and contact allergic reactions in construction workers exposed to epoxy resins,” Contact Dermatitis, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 146–150, 1984.

XIV. S. Ma et al., “Synthesis and properties of a bio‐based epoxy resin with high epoxy value and low viscosity,” ChemSusChem, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 555–562, 2014.

XV. S. M. Sapuan, M. Harimiand, and M. A. Maleque, “Mechanical properties of epoxy/coconut shell filler particle composites,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 171–182, 2003.

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Abstract:

A review on the challenges in underwater wireless network systems is discussed in this paper. In underwater network systems different methodologies have to be adopted in comparison to the overland network systems. Acoustic signals are used instead of electromagnetic signals. One of the issue is the propagation of electromagnetic signals through water. The marine environment also poses serious challenges in deploying the underwater wireless systems. The architecture and the applications of underwater network systems is also discussed.

Keywords:

Underwater wireless sensor networks,Acoustic sensor networks,oceanographic data collection,

Refference:

I. Barbosa, P.; White, N.M.; Harris, N.R., “Wireless Sensor Network for Localized Maritime Monitoring”, Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Okinawa, Japan, pp. 681–686, 2008.
II. Cayirci, E, Tezcan Hakan, DoganYasar, Coskun Vedat, “Wireless sensor networks for underwater survelliance systems”, Ad Hoc Networks., Vol. 4, pp 431-446, 2006.
III. Felemban, E., Shaikh, F. K., Qureshi, U. M., Sheikh, A. A., and Qaisar, S. B., “Underwater Sensor Network Applications: A Comprehensive Survey”. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2015.
IV. G. A. Hollinger, S. Choudhary, P. Qarabaqi, Christopher Murphy, UrbashiMitra, Gaurav s. Sukhatme, Milica Stojanovic, Hanumant Singh and Franz Hover, “Underwater data collection using robotic sensor networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 899–911, 2012.
V. J.-H. Cui, J. Kong, M. Gerla, and S. Zhou, “The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications,” IEEE Network, Vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 12–18, 2006.
VI. John Heidemann, Yuan Li, Affan Syed, Jack Wills and Wei Ye, “Underwater Sensor Networking: Research Challenges and Potential Applications”. USC/ISI Technical Report ISI-TR-2005-603.
VII. Liu, K.; Yang, Z.; Li, M.; Guo, Z.; Guo, Y.; Hong, F.; Yang, X.; He, Y.; Feng, Y.; Liu, Y. “Oceansense: Monitoring the sea with wireless sensor networks”. Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev., Vol. 14, pp 7–9, 2010.
VIII. Lu, K.; Qian, Y.; Rodriguez, D.; Rivera, W.; Rodriguez, M., “Wireless Sensor Networks for Environmental Monitoring Applications: A Design Framework”, Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 1108–1112, 2007.
IX. M. C. Domingo and R. Prior, “Energy analysis of routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks,” Computer Communications, Vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1227–1238, 2008.
X. Perez, C.A. Jimenez, M. Soto, F. Torres, R. López, J.A. Iborra, A., “A system for monitoring marine environments based on Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on OCEANS, Santander, Spain, pp. 1–6, 2011.
XI. Saha, S.; Matsumoto, M., “A Framework for Disaster Management System and WSN Protocol for Rescue Operation”, Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference on TENCON 2007, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 1–4, 2007.
XII. Sharif-Yazd M., Khosravi M. R. and Moghimi M. K., “A Survey on Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: Perspectives on Protocol Design for Signaling, MAC and Routing”, Journal of Computer and Communications, Vol. 5, pp 12-23, 2017.
XIII. S. Premkumar Deepak and M. B. M. Krishnan, “Intelligent sensor based monitoring system for underwater pollution,” 2017 International Conference on IoT and Application (ICIOT), Nagapattinam, pp. 1-4, 2017.
XIV. S. Yoon, A. K. Azad, H. Oh, and S. Kim, “AURP: an AUV-aided underwater routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks,” Sensors, Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1827–1845, 2012.
XV. U. Devee Prasan and S. Murugappan, “Underwater Sensor Networks: Architecture, Research Challenges and Potential Applications”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp.251-256, 2012.

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Abstract:

Tamil is one of the world's ancient languages. This paper focuses mainly in particular on OCR for the digitalization and conservation of texts and inscriptions in the Tamil language. A system that does not include obtaining either Standard size and shape or the color difference between background and foreground to recognize Palm Leaf Manuscript and stone inscriptions and obtaining information. A variety of algorithms have been analyzed for OCR texts for Tamils, and ancient letter conversion still has a big challenge to convert ancient Tamils into today's digital text format for Tamils.

Keywords:

Tamil,OCR,Manuscript,Script,Optical Character Recognition,Tamil Language,Tamil Script,

Refference:

I. A. V. S. Rao, N. V. Rao, L. P. Reddy, G. Sunil,T.S.K.Prabhu, and A. S. C. S. Sastry, “Adaptive binarization of ancient documents,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Machine Vision (ICMV ’09), pp. 22–26, December 2009.
II. B. Gangamma, K. Srikanta Murthy, and A. V. Singh, “Restoration of degraded historical document image,” Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 3, no. 5,pp. 36–39, 2012.
III. C. L. Tan, R. Cao, and P. Shen, “Restoration of archival documents using a wavelet technique,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1399–1404, 2002.
IV. E. Nadernejad, S. Sharifzadeh, and H. Hassanpour, “Edge detection techniques:evaluations and comparisons,” Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 31, pp. 1507–1520, 2008.
V. G. R. M. Babu, P. Srimayee, and A. Srikrishna, “Heterogenous images using mathematical morphology,” Journal ofTheoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 795–825, 2008.
VI. G. Raju and K. Revathy, “Wavepackets in the Recognition of Isolated Handwritten Characters”, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2007 Vol I WCE 2007, July 2 – 4, 2007, London, U.K.
VII. G. Rama mohanbabu,, P. Srimaiyee, A. Srikrishna , “Text extraction from hetrogenous images using mathematical morphology”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 39 – 47 2010.
VIII. G.Y.Chen, T.D.Bui, A.Krzyzak. “Contour based handwritten numeral recognition using multiwavelets and neural networks”,Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1597 – 1604, 2003.
IX. H.K.Chethan, G.Hemantha Kumar, “ A Comparative Analysis of Different Edge based Algorithms for Mobile/Camera Captured Images”, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 36-41, 2010.
X. H.K.Chethana, G.HemanthaKumar , “Image Dewarping and Text Extraction from Mobile Captured Distinct Documents”, Procedia Computer Science, vol. 2, pp. 330 – 337, 2010.
XI. Jian Yuan, Yi Zhang, KokKiong Tan, Tong Heng Lee, “Text Extraction from Images Captured via Mobile and Digital Devices”, 2009 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, pp. 566 – 571,2009.
XII. K. C. Kim, H. R. Byun, Y. J. Song et al., “Scene text extraction in natural scene images using hierarchical feature combining and verification,” in Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR ’04), vol. 2, pp. 679–682, gbr, August 2004.
XIII. L. Agnihotri and N. Dimitrova, “Text detection for video analysis,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop onContent-Based Access of Image and Video Libraries, pp. 109–113, June 1999.
XIV. M. Seeger and C. Dance, Binarising Camera Images for OCR, Xerox Research Centre, Meylan, France, 2000.
XV. P Wunsch, A F Laine. “Wavelet descriptors for multiresolution recognition of handprinted characters”. Pattern Recognition, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1237–1249, 1995.
XVI. P. Chevalier, L. Albera, P. Comon, and Ferreol, “Comparative performance analysis of eight blind source separation methods on radio communications signals,” in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, vol. 8, pp. 251–276, July 2004.
XVII. P. Tichavsk´y, Z. Koldovsk´y, and E. Oja, “Performance analysis of the FastICA algorithm and Cram´er-Rao bounds for linear independent component analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1189–1203, 2006.
XVIII. S P Chowdhury S DharA K Das B Chanda K McMenemy, “Robust Extraction of Text from Camera Images “, 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1280 – 1284, 2009.
XIX. S W Lee, C H Kim, H Ma, Y Y Tang. “Multiresolution recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals with wavelet transform and multilayer cluster neural network”. Pattern Recognition, vol. 29, pp. 1953–1956, 1996.
XX. S. Buzykanov, “Enhancement of poor resolution text images in the weighted sobolev space,” in Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP ’12), pp. 536–539, Vienna, Austria, April 2012.
XXI. S. Cherala and P. Rege, “Palm leaf manuscript/color document image enhancement by using improved adaptive binarization method,” in Proceedings of the 6th Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing (ICVGIP ’08), pp. 687–692, December 2008.
XXII. S. Choi, “Independent component analysis,” in Proceedings of the 12th WSEAS International Conference on Communications, pp. 159–162, July 2008.
XXIII. S. Choi, A. Cichocki, and S. I. Amari, “Flexible independent component analysis,” Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 25–38, 2000.
XXIV. Sachin Grover, KushalArora,Suman K. Mitra , “Text Extraction from Document Images using Edge Information”, 2009 Annual IEEE India Conference, 2009.
XXV. Seethalakshmi R, Sreeranjani TR., Balachandar T, “Optical Character Recognition for printed Tamil text using Unicode”, Journal of Zhejiang University Science, vol. 6A, no. 11, pp. 1297-1305, 2005
XXVI. U. Garain, A. Jain, A. Maity, and B. Chanda, “Machine reading of camera-held low quality text images: an ICA-based image enhancement approach for improving OCR accuracy,” in Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR ’08), pp. 1–4, December 2008.
XXVII. Vinoth R, Rajesh R, Yoganandhan P, “Intelligence System for Tamil Vattezhuttu Optical Character Recognition”, International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Technology, vol. 8, no. 04, pp. 22 -27 Apr 2017
XXVIII. X. S. Hua, P. Yin, and H. J. Zhang, “Efficient video text recognition using multiple frame integration,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 2, pp. 22–25, September 2004.

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Abstract:

In nature many social animals follow a cooperative behaviour for the common good of their colony. Swarm robotics is a method in which a collection of similar or dissimilar robots follow an organized behaviour pattern to perform some specific tasks. The robots interact and follow simple rules to coordinate a large number of robots. Here we focus on the recent developments in swarm robotics as applied to real world problems. Swarm robotics deals with the defining the rules for the cooperative behaviour and designing, modelling, validating, operating and maintaining the robotics system. Swarm robotics can be classified as per the design and analysis or as per the collective behaviour. The limitations and the future research directions for swarm robotics is also discussed.

Keywords:

Swarm Robotics,Social behaviour,Collective behaviour,Robots,

Refference:

I. Ampatzis, C., Tuci, E., Trianni, V., &Dorigo, M.,“Evolution of signaling in a multi-robot system: categorization and communication”, Adaptive Behavior, Vol. 16(1), pp. 5–26, 2008.
II. Bachrach, J., Beal, J., &McLurkin, J.,“Composable continuous-space programs for robotic swarms”, Neural Computing & Applications, Vol. 19(6), pp. 825–847, 2010.
III. Beni, G.,“From swarm intelligence to swarm robotics”, In Lecture notes in computer science:Swarm robotics, Berlin: Springer, Vol. 3342,pp. 1–9, 2005.
IV. Bonabeau, E., Dorigo, M., &Theraulaz, G.,“Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems”, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
V. Brambilla, M., Pinciroli, C., Birattari, M., &Dorigo, M.,“Property-driven design for swarm robotics”, In Proceedings of 11th international conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems (AAMAS 2012), Richland: IFAAMAS, pp. 139–146,2012.
VI. Dorigo, M., & ¸ Sahin, E., Guest editorial. “Autonomous Robots”, Vol. 17, pp. 111–113, 2004.
VII. Dorigo, M., &Birattari, M.,“Swarm intelligence”,Scholarpedia, Vol. 2(9), pp. 1462, 2007.
VIII. Ferrante, E., Brambilla, M., Birattari, M., &Dorigo, M.,“Socially-mediated negotiation for obstacle avoidance in collective transport”, In Springer tracts in advanced robotics: Vol. 83. Proceedings of the international symposium on distributed autonomous robotics systems (DARS 2010), Berlin: Springer, pp. 571–583,2013.
IX. Gazi, V., &Passino, K. M.,“Stability analysis of social foraging swarms: combined effects of attractant/repellent profiles”, In Proceedings of the 41st IEEE conference on decision and control, Piscataway: IEEE Press, Vol. 3, pp. 2848–2853,2002.
X. Pugh, J., &Martinoli, A.,“Parallel learning in heterogeneous multi-robot swarms”, In Proceedings of the IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, Piscataway: IEEE Press, pp. 3839–3846,2007.
XI. Riedmiller, M., Gabel, T., Hafner, R., & Lange, S.,“Reinforcement learning for robot soccer”, Autonomous Robots, Vol. 27(1), pp. 55–73, 2009.
XII. Sahin, E.,“Swarm robotics: from sources of inspiration to domains of application”, In Lecture notes in computer science: Berlin: Swarm robotics, Springer, Vol. 3342. pp. 10–20,2005.
XIII. Seeja G, ArockiaSelvakumar A, Berlin Hency V, “A Survey on Swarm Robotic Modeling, Analysis and Hardware Architecture”, Procedia Computer Science,Vol. 133, pp. 478–485, 2018.
XIV. Soysal, O., & ¸ Sahin, E.,“Probabilistic aggregation strategies in swarm robotic systems”, In Proceedings of the IEEE swarm intelligence symposium, Piscataway: IEEE Press, pp. 325–332,2005.
XV. Spears, W. M., & Spears, D. F.,“Physics-based swarm intelligence”, Berlin: Springer, 2012.
XVI. Waibel, M., Keller, L., &Floreano, D.,“Genetic team composition and level of selection in the evolution of cooperation”, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 13(3), pp. 648–660, 2009.

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Abstract:

Acoustic waves are used for communication systems in underwater civilian as well as military applications. Underwater acoustic target tracking is an important component of marine exploration. A large number of target tracking methods are being used based on the nature of the marine environment. In this paper, we survey recent research on underwater tracking technologies. Classification of different under water target tracking algorithms are made based on methods used. The algorithms are analysed to identify the most appropriate one for underwater target tracking. The challenges and issues is also discussed. 

Keywords:

Target tracking,Acoustic sensors,Underwater communication,Wireless sensor networks,

Refference:

I. Akyildiz, I.F.; Su,W.; Sankarasubramaniam, Y.; Cayirci, E., “Wireless sensor networks: A survey”, Comput. Netw., Vol. 38, pp. 393–422, 2002.
II. Asif, M.; Arshad, M.R.; Yahya, A., “An active contour for underwater target tracking and navigation” In Proceedings of the Inernational Conference on Man-Machine System, Langkawi, Malaysia, pp. 1–7, 2005.
III. Asmaa, E.; Said, R.; Lahoucine, K., “Review of recovery techniques to recapture lost targets in wireless sensor networks”, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies (ICEIT), Tangiers, Morocco, pp. 1–6, 2016.
IV. Chen,W.-P.; Jennifer, C.H.; Sha, L., “Dynamic clustering for acoustic target tracking in wireless sensor networks”, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., Vol. 3, pp. 258–271, 2004.
V. Coraluppi, S., “Multistatic sonar localization”, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., Vol. 31, pp. 964–974, 2006.
VI. Cui, J.H.; Kong, J.; Gerla, M.; Zhou, S., “The challenges of building scalable mobile underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications”, IEEE Netw., Vol. 20, pp. 12–18, 2006.
VII. Demigha, O.; Hidouci,W.-K.; Ahmed, T., “On energy Efficiency in collaborative target tracking in wireless sensor network: A Review”, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., Vol. 15, pp. 1210–1222, 2013.
VIII. Georgescu, R.; Willett, P., “The GM-CPHD Tracker applied to real and realistic multistatic sonar data sets”, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., Vol. 37, pp. 220–235, 2012.
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Abstract:

A review on different methods used to measure the level of water in a reservoir and its control. Water is an extremely important resource for every living organism on the planet and its wastage should be prevented. Water level measurement in overhead/underground tanks and its control is very crucial. A number of methods are there to measure the level of water in a reservoir and most of these methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The different water storage methods have their unique challenges in water level measurement and it control. Various types of sensors are used to make the measurements and an appropriate communication technology is used. Here a survey of the different method used for the measurement and control are discussed. Zigbee based measurement and control system was found to be the most efficient.

Keywords:

Water Level,Sensors,Ultrasonic,ZigBee,Control,

Refference:

I. Atojoko, A.; Abd-Alhameed, R.A.; Tu, Y.; Elmegri, F.; See, C.H.; Child, M.B., “Automatic liquid level indication and control using passive UHF RFID tags”, Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), Nov. 2014 Loughborough, pp. 136-140, 2014.
II. Bande, V.; Pitica, D.; Ciascai, I., “Multi – Capacitor sensor algorithm for water level measurement,” Electronics Technology (ISSE), 2012 35th International Spring Seminar, pp.286-291,2012.
III. Jin-Shyan Lee; Yu-Wei Su; Chung-Chou Shen, “A Comparative Study of Wireless Protocols: Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi,” Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2007. 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE, pp. 46-51, 2007.
IV. Manik, N. B., S. C. Mukherjee, and A. N. Basu. “Studies on the propagation of light from a light-emitting diode through a glass tube and development of an opto-sensor for the continuous detection of liquid level.” Optical Engineering, Vol. 40(12), pp. 2830-2836, 2001.
V. Mani Rathinam S., Chamundeeswari V. (2020) “Design and Implementation of Greenhouse Monitoring System Using Zigbee Module,” In: Hemanth D., Kumar V., Malathi S., Castillo O., Patrut B. (eds) Emerging Trends in Computing and Expert Technology. COMET 2019. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, Springer, Cham, Vol 35. 2019.
VI. Maqbool, S.; Chandra, N., “Real Time Wireless Monitoring and Control of Water Systems Using Zigbee 802.15.4,” Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), 2013 5th International Conference, pp.150-155,2013.
VII. NavpreetKaur, SangeetaMonga, “Comparisons of Wired and Wireless Networks: A Review”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-Issn 0976-3945.
VIII. P. Rohitha, P. Ranjeet Kumar, N. Adinarayana, T. VenkatNarayanaRao, “Wireless Networking Through Zigbee Technology,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol.: 2, Issue 7, pp. 49-54, 2012.
IX. Rasin, Z.; Hamzah, H.; Aras, M.S.M., “Application and evaluation of high power Zigbee based wireless sensor network in water irrigation control monitoring system,” Industrial Electronics & Applications, 2009. ISIEA 2009. IEEE Symposium, Vol.2, pp.548-551, 2009.
X. Saraswati, M.; Kuantama, E.; Mardjoko, P., “Design and Construction of Water Level Measurement System Accessible through SMS”, Computer Modeling and Simulation (EMS), 2012 Sixth UKSim/AMSS European Symposium, pp.48-53,2012.
XI. UjwalParmar, Sharanjeet Singh, “Comparative Study Of Zigbee, Bluetooth And Wi-Fi Technology For Constructing Wireless Fire Alarm System,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol.: 4(9), pp. 893-897, 2014.
XII. Yanjun Zhang, Yingzi Zhang, YulongHou, Liang Zhang, Yanjun Hu, XiaolongGao, Huixin Zhang, and Wenyi Liu, “An Optical Fiber Liquid Level Sensor Based on Side Coupling Induction Technology”, Journal of Sensors, Vol. 2018, Article ID 2953807, 6 pages, 2018.
XIII. Yinke Dou; Jianmin Qin; XiaoMin Chang, “The Study of a Capacitance Sensor and its System Used in Measuring Ice Thickness, Sedimentation and Water Level of a Reservoir,” Information Technology and Applications, 2009. IFITA ’09. International Forum, vol.3, pp.616-619,2009.
XIV. Yin, W.; Peyton, A.J.; Zysko, G.; Denno, R., “Simultaneous Non-contact Measurement of Water Level and Conductivity,” Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, IMTC 2006. Proceedings of the IEEE, pp. 2144-2147, 2006.

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Abstract:

The present paper describes the formation of Mathematical Model for vibration amplitude, processing time, energy consumption, and productivity of cotton spinning machine. Traditionally spinning is the process in which twisting of yarn fiber of drawn - out standard. For this research, solar powered spinning machine (amber charkha) is selected. So this research work is carried out for the study of machine with respect to vibration amplitude, processing time, energy consumption, and productivity andto optimize all these dependant parameters. This MathematicalModel resembles the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. As such mathematical model (log-log model) has been formed along with reliability test and sensitivity analysis.Study concludes the effect on dependent parameter due to variation in independent parameter.This research paper revealedremedial action for smoother and good outputs of the spinning machine.

Keywords:

Mathematical Modeling,spinning machine,vibration amplitude,

Refference:

I. Dr. J.P. Modak, Prof. S.P. Mishra, O.S. Bihade, D.K. Parbat “An Approach to Simulation of a Complex Field Activity by a Mathematical Model” Industrial Engineering Journal Vol. II & Issue No. 20, Feb – 2011
II. Gandhiji in the article “Khadi, Why & How”, Indian National Congress Convention, Bombay 1947
III. Girish D. Mehta, Akshay Pachporet. Al.“Formulation of an approximateGeneralized Experimental Data based Model to Predict the Effect of Misalignment on Vibration Response of a Flexible Coupling
published in Proceedings of 2015 IFToMM World Congress, Oct 25-30,2015, Taipei, Taiwan
IV. Mr. Gaurav D. Surkar et.al “Design and analysis of Two Spindle Amber Charkha- A Review” in International journal of Recent and innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 294-297
V. Mr. Ravi Kandasamy, Mr. Deep Varma, et.al“Report on Technology Transfer of Solar Charkha in Khadi Sector”, International journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol. 3, Issue 4, July – Aug. 2013 pp – 1965 – 1979
VI. PankajMeshram, N.P. Awate“Design, Analysis of Amber Charkha” Indian Journal of Applied Research, Vol.3/issue 6/June 2013/ISSN-2249-555X
VII. The Ambar Charkha, report published by All India Khadi & Village Industries Board (Ministry of Production) P.O. Box 482, Bombay-1.
VIII. Schenck H. Jr., “Reduction of variables and Dimensional Analysis”, Theories of Engineering Experimentation, McGraw Hill Book Co. New York, p.p. 60-81
IX. Ya Wang, et.al. “Analysis on the Spinning Process and Properties of Tencel Yarn” Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 2015, 3, 41-47

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