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Abstract:

In this paper, an approach is developed to account for the effect of discrete cracks on the response of reinforced concrete building frames under a column failure scenario. The approach implies the introduction of traditional finite element models of discrete ties that take into account the relationship between moments and rotations, considering the specifics of the performance of materials, sections, and structures under conditions of redistribution of forces as a result of initial local failure in the structural system of a building. Validation of the proposed approach is performed on the experimental data. Also, it is compared with the modeling results of the existing approaches. The effect of discrete cracking on the deformed state of reinforced concrete building frames under the scenario of column failure is established. The discrete cracks practically did not affect the values of axial forces in the elements. However, for bending moments within the proposed method, a decrease was observed in comparison with the traditional approach. The analysis of the diagrams shows that for reinforced concrete frames with 3 and 5 stories, there is an excess of tensile axial forces in the beam over the values according to the traditional calculation method.

Keywords:

Crack,Failure,Frame,Finite Element Method,Modelling,Moment,Reinforced Concrete,Rotation,

Refference:

I. Adam, J. M., Parisi, F., Sagaseta, J., Lu, X., : ‘Research and practice on progressive collapse and robustness of building structures in the 21st century’. Engineering Structures. Vol. 173, pp. 122-149, 2018. 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.082.
II. Adam J.M., Buitrago M., Bertolesi E., Sagaseta J., Moragues J. J., : ‘Dynamic performance of a real-scale reinforced concrete building test under a corner-column failure scenario’. Engineering Structures. Vol. 210, pp. 1-14, 2020.
III. Alanani, M., Ehab, M., Salem, H., : ‘Progressive Collapse Assessment of Precast Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Applied Element Method’. Case Studies in Construction Materials. Vol. 13, e00457, 2020. 10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00457.
IV. Almusallam, T., Al-Salloum, Y., Elsanadedy, H., Tuan, N., Mendis, P., Abbas, H., : ‘Development limitations of compressive arch and catenary actions in reinforced concrete special moment resisting frames under column-loss scenarios’. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. Vol. 16(12), pp. 1616-1634, 2020. 10.1080/15732479.2020.1719166.
V. Almazov V. O., Plotnikov A. I., : ‘Rastorguyev B.S. Problems of buildings resistance to progressive collapse’. Vestnik MGSU. Vol. 2(1), pp. 16–20, 2011.
VI. Belostotsky, A. M., & Pavlov, A. S., : ‘Long span buildings analysis under physical, geometric and structural nonlinearities consideration’. Int. J. Comput. Civ. Struct. Eng. Vol. 6(1), pp. 80, 2010.
VII. Bondarenko V.M., Kolchunov V.I., : ‘Calculation models evaluating reinforced concrete force resistance’. Moscow: Publishing ASV. 2004.
VIII. Caredda, G., Makoond, N., Buitrago, M., Sagaseta, J., Chryssanthopoulos, M., & Adam, J. M., : ‘Learning from the progressive collapse of buildings’. Developments in the built environment. Vol. 15, pp. 100194, 2023. 10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100194.
IX. Geniyev G. A., : ‘Dynamic effects in rod systems made of physical non-linear brittle materials’. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. Vol. 9, pp. 23–24, 1999.
X. Grunwald, C., Khalil, A. A., Schaufelberger, B., Ricciardi, E.M., Pellecchia, C., De Iuliis, E., Riedel, W., : ‘Reliability of Collapse Simulation – Comparing Finite and Applied Element Method at Different Levels’. Eng Struct. Vol. 176, pp. 265–278, 2018. 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.068.
XI. Kaklauskas, G., Sokolov, A., Sakalauskas, K., : ‘Strain Compliance Crack Model for RC Beams: Primary versus Secondary Cracks’. Engineering Structures. Vol. 281, pp. 115770, 2023. 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115770.
XII. Kodysh E.N., Mamin A.N., : ‘Discrete-connection model for determining the stress-strain state of plane structures. News of higher educational institutions’. Construction. Vol. 540(12), pp.13–20, 2003.
XIII. Kokot, S., Solomos, G., : ‘Progressive collapse risk analysis: literature survey, relevant construction standards and guidelines’. Ispra: Joint Research Centre, European Commission. 2012.
XIV. Kolchunov, V. I., Dem’yanov, A. I., : ‘The Modeling Method of Discrete Cracks in Reinforced Concrete under the Torsion with Bending’. Magazine of Civil Engineering. Vol. 81, pp. 160–173, 2018. 10.18720/MCE.81.16.
XV. Kolchunov, V. I., Dem’Yanov, A. I., ‘The modeling method of discrete cracks and rigidity in reinforced concrete’. Magazine of Civil Engineering. Vol. 4 (88), pp. 60-69, 2019. 10.18720/MCE.81.16.
XVI. Mkrtychev, O.V., : ‘Развитие Прямых Нелинейных Динамических Методов Расчета На Сейсмические Воздействия’. Промышленное и гражданское строительство. Pp. 12–16, 2022.
XVII. Niki, V., Erkmen, R. E., : ‘Shear Deformable Hybrid Finite Element Formulation for Buckling Analysis of Composite Columns’. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 45, pp. 279–288, 2018. 10.1139/cjce-2017-0159.
XVIII. Pearson, C., Delatte, N., : ‘Ronan point apartment tower collapse and its effect on building codes’. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. Vol. 19(2), pp. 172-177, 2005, 10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2005)19:2(172).
XIX. Savin S. Y., Fedorova N.V., Kolchunov V. I., : ‘Dynamic forces in the eccentrically compressed members of reinforced concrete frames under accidental impacts’. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. Vol. 18(4), pp. 111–123, 2022.
XX. Savin, S., Kolchunov, V., Fedorova, N., Tuyen Vu, N., : ‘Experimental and Numerical Investigations of RC Frame Stability Failure under a Corner Column Removal Scenario’. Buildings. Vol. 13, pp. 908, 2023. 10.3390/buildings13040908.
XXI. SP 20.13330. Loads and actions. Revised version of SNiP 2.01.07-85. Standardinform, Moscow, Russia, 2016.
XXII. SP 385.1325800. Protection of buildings and structures against progressive collapse. Design code. Basic statements. Standardinform, Moscow, Russia, 2018.
XXIII. SP 63.13330. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. General provisions. SNiP 52-01-2003. Standardinform, Moscow, Russia, 2018.
XXIV. Tagel-Din H., Rahman N.A., : ‘Simulation of the Alfred P. Murrah federal building collapse due to blast loads’. Building Integration Solutions. Vol. 32, pp. 1-15, 2006. 10.1061/40798(190)32.
XXV. Tagel-Din, H., Meguro, K., : ‘Nonlinear simulation of RC structures using applied element method’. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu. Vol. 654, 13-24, 2000. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00457.
XXVI. Yu, J., Tan, K.H., : ‘Analytical Model for the Capacity of Compressive Arch Action of Reinforced Concrete Sub-Assemblages’. Magazine of Concrete Research. Vol. 66, pp. 109–126, 2014. 10.1680/macr.13.00217.

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Abstract:

The flow of liquids is essential to our understanding of the world. Traditionally, this is done by studying the flow of liquids using wind tunnels in the model. However, the field of computer fluid dynamics has been born over the past century. A program that can model fluid flow is CFD software. Gambit 2.4.6 created a three-dimensional geometry of four reaction blades with a square cascade and studied the secondary losses using FLUENT 6.2. The air is chosen as a working material. Air passes through the turbine cascade at a maximum input speed of 102 m/s. The cascade opens to the atmosphere when exiting. Firstly, the two surfaces of the blade cascade have been smoothed and the secondary losses analyzed. This total flow loss was compared with a roughness applied individually to the suction and pressure surfaces of 250 microns, 750 microns, and 1000 microns in thickness and examined the effect of the thickness on flow loss.

Keywords:

Blade surface,Effect of roughness,End loss phenomena,Loss Coefficient,Turbine steam path,

Refference:

I. A. A. Adeniyi, A. Mohammed and S. O. Emmanuel. : ‘CFD Modelling of Wakes on Cascade Compressor Blades’. International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology. Vol. 4(2), pp. 60-67, 2012.
II. A. D. Scillitoe, P. G. Tucker and P. Adami. : ‘Large eddy simulation of boundary layer transition mechanisms in a gas-turbine compressor cascade’. Journal of Turbomachinery. Vol. 141(6), pp. 61-68, 2019. 10.1115/1.4042023
III. A. K. Saha and S. Acharya. : ‘Computations of turbulent flow and heat transfer through a three-dimensional nonaxisymmetric blade passage’. ASME Journal of Turbo-machinery. Vol. 130(3), pp. 1008-1018, 2008. 10.1115/1.2776952
IV. ANSYS Fluent Meshing User’s Guide. (2015).
V. A. Peyvan, and A. H. Benisi. : ‘Axial-Flow Compressor Performance Prediction in Design and Off-Design Conditions through 1-D and 3-D Modeling and Experimental Study’. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics. Vol. 9(5), pp. 2149-2160, 2016. 10.18869/acadpub.jafm.68.236.25222
VI. D. Baumgärtner, J. J. Otter and A. P Wheeler. : ‘The effect of isentropic exponent on transonic turbine performance’. Journal of Turbomachinery. Vol. 142(8), pp. 81-87, 2020. 10.1115/1.4046528
VII. FLUENT, 2005. FLUENT 6.2 Users Guide. Lebanon, USA.
VIII. H. R. Singh and S. R. Kale. : ‘A numerical study of the effect of roughness on the turbine blade cascade performance’. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics. Vol. 8(7), pp. 439-46, 2008. 10.1504/PCFD.2008.021320
IX. J. Li, J. Teng, M. Ferlauto, M. Zhu and X. Qiang. : ‘An improved stall prediction model for axial compressor stage based on diffuser analogy’. Aerospace Science and Technology. Vol. 127, 2022. 10.1016/j.ast.2022.107692
X. J. Y. Moon and K. S. Yong. : ‘Counter-rotating stream-wise vortex formation in the turbine cascade with end wall fencing’. Int. J. Computers and Fluids. Vol. 30(4), pp. 473-490, 2001. 10.1016/S0045-7930(00)00026-8
XI. M. J. Brear, H. P. Hodson, P. Gonzalez and N. W. Harvey. : ‘Pressure surface separations in low-pressure turbines—Part 2: Interactions with the secondary flow’. Int. J. Turbomach. Vol.124(3), pp. 402-409, 2002. 10.1115/1.1450765
XII. M. Majcher, M. Frant and R. Kieszek. : ‘Preliminary Numerical Study of a Rectilinear Blade Cascade Flow for a Determination of Aerodynamic Characteristics. International Review of Aerospace Engineering (I.RE.AS.E), Vol. 16(4), pp. 143-151, 2023. 10.15866/irease.v16i4.24065
XIII. M. Mesbah., V. G. Gribin and K. Souri. : ‘Investigation of the effects of main geometric parameters and flow characteristics on secondary flow losses in a turbine cascade’. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 3, pp. 21-31, 2021. 10.1088/1742-6596/2131/3/032081
XIV. M. N. Goodhand. : ‘Laminar flow compressor blades’. 9th Osborne Reynolds Colloquium and Research Student Award, Department of Aeronautics Imperial College London, 2011.
XV. P. K. Zachos, N. Grech, B. Charnley, V. Pachidis and R. Singh. : ‘Experimental and numerical investigation of a compressor cascade at highly negative incidence’. : ‘Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics. Vol. 5(1), pp. 26-36, 2011. 10.1080/19942060.2011.11015350
XVI. R. Azim, M. M. Hasan and M. Ali. : ‘Numerical investigation on the delay of boundary layer separation by suction for NACA 4412’. Procedia Engineering. Vol. 105, pp. 329-334, 2015. 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.05.013
XVII. Samsher. : ‘Effects of localized roughness over reaction and impulse blades on loss coefficient’. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy. Vol. 221(1), pp. 21-32, 2007. 10.1243/09576509JPE214
XVIII. T. Bai, J. Liu, W. Zhang, and Z. Zou. : ‘Effect of surface roughness on the aerodynamic performance of turbine blade cascade’. Propulsion and Power Research. Vol. 3(2), pp. 82-89, 2014. 10.1016/j.jppr.2014.05.001
XIX. T. Sonoda, M. Hasenjäger, T. Arima and B. Sendhoff. : ‘Effect of end wall contouring on performance of ultra-low aspect ratio transonic turbine inlet guide vanes’. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery. Vol. 131(1), pp. 11020-11031, 2009. 10.1115/1.2813015
XX. V. K. Singoria and Samsher. : ‘The Study of End Losses in a Three Dimensional Rectilinear Turbine Cascade’. Int. J. of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. Vol. 3(8), pp. 782-797, 2013. https://www.scribd.com/document/389319869/IJETAE-0813-122
XXI. Y. Tang, Y. Liu and L. Lu. : ‘Solidity effect on corner separation and its control in a high-speed low aspect ratio compressor cascade’. Int. J. of Mechanical Sciences. Vol. 142, pp. 304-325, 2018. 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.04.048
XXII. Zhang, Y. Wu, Y. Li, and H. Lu. : ‘Experimental investigation on a high subsonic compressor cascade flow’. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. Vol. 28(4), pp. 1034-1043, 2015. 10.1016/j.cja.2015.06.019

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Abstract:

This research paper explores the behavior analysis of a repairable 2-out-of-4 system utilizing an evolutionary algorithm approach. The 2-out-of-4 system configuration is a critical setup widely employed in various engineering applications, necessitating thorough understanding and optimization for reliability and performance enhancement. By integrating evolutionary algorithms with system analysis, this paper aims to optimize system parameters, such as redundancy allocation and maintenance scheduling, to improve reliability and availability. The proposed methodology offers a novel approach to address the challenges associated with the complex behavior of repairable 2-out-of-4 systems, providing insights for system designers and engineers.

Keywords:

Behavior Analysis,Evolutionary Algorithm,Maintenance Scheduling Reliability Optimization,Repairable 2-out-of-4system,

Refference:

I. Kumar A., : ‘Reliability And Sensitivity Analysis Of Linear Consecutiv2-Out-Of-4: F System’. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. Vol. 7(7), pp. 3791-3804, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349179413_Reliability_And_Sensitivity_Analysis_Of_Linear_Consecutive_2-Out-Of-4_F_System
II. Kumar A., Garg D., Goel P., : ‘Mathematical Modelling and Behavioural Analysis of a Washing Unit in Paper Mill’. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Vol.10, pp: 1639-1645, 2019. 10.1007/s13198-019-00916-4
III. Kumari S., Khurana P., Singla S., : ‘Behaviour and profit analysis of a thresher plant under steady state’. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management. Vol. 13, pp: 166-171, 2022. 10.1007/s13198-021-01183-y
IV. Kumari S., Singla S., Khurana P., : ‘Partical swarm optimization for constrained cost reliability of rubber plant Life Cycle’. Reliability and Safety Engineering. Vol.11(3), pp: 273-277, 2022. 10.1007/s41872-022-00199-y
V. Malik S., Verma S., Gupta A., Sharma G., Singla S., : ‘Performability evaluation, validation and optimization for the steam generation system of a coal-fired thermal power plant’. Methods X, Vol. 9, 101852, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101852
VI. Naithani A., Parashar B., Bhatia P. K., Taneja G., : ‘Cost benefit analysis of a 2-out-of-3 induced draft fans system with priority for operation to cold standby over working at reduced capacity’. Advanced Modelling and Optimization. Vol. 15(2), pp: 499-509, 2013. https://camo.ici.ro/journal/vol15/v15b23.pdf
VII. Singla. S., Dhawan. P., : ‘Mathematical analysis of regenerative point graphical technique (RPGT)’. Mathematical Analysis and its Contemporary Applications. Vol.4(4), pp:49-56, 2022. 10.30495/maca.2022.1964808.1062
VIII. Singla. S., Mangla. D., Panwar. P., Taj. S. Z .,: ‘Reliability optimization of a degraded system preventive maintenance using Genetic algorithm’. Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematics Science. Vol.19(1), pp. 1-14, 2024. 10.26782/jmcms.2024.01.00001
IX. Singla. S., Rani. S., Modibbo. M. U., Ali. I., : ‘Optimization of system parameters of 2:3 Good serial system using deep learing’. Reliability Theory and Application. Vol. 18(4), pp. 670-679, 2023. 10.24412/1932-2321-2023-476-670-679
X. Singla. S., Rani. S., : ‘Performance optimization of 3:4: Good system’. International Conference on Intelligent Control and Instrumentation IEEE 979-8-3503-4383.

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