Authors:
Zaid. A. Shaalan,Adnan. M. Hussein,M. Z. Abdullah,DOI NO:
https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2025.01.00001Keywords:
photovoltaic (PV),hybrid nanofluid,electrical efficiency,power,CFD,Abstract
The enhancement effect of hybrid nanofluids, especially with Grp/AL2O3 nanoparticles could be considered promising in enhancing the cooling of photovoltaic (PV) panels. Scholars have established that these nanoparticles improve heat transfer and convective heat transfer, therefore increasing the efficiency of solar panels. This work employed CFD analysis to investigate the characteristics of a new hybrid nanofluid, which is (Graphene Nanoplatelets (Grp) and aluminum Oxide (AL2O3). The system used in this study comprises three solar panels with identical specifications but using different cooling methods: air-cooled, water-cooled, and hybrid nanofluid-cooled. The found data demonstrates that the electrical efficiency of the solar cells, cooled by the hybrid nanofluid, is comparatively higher than the air-cooled and water-cooled solar cells: 12.2% and 7.6%, respectively, and the rise in power of the solar cells cooled by the hybrid nanofluid is comparatively higher to the air-cooled and water-cooled solar cells: 12.72% and 6.87 When applying the hybrid nanofluid cooling technique, the maximum surface temperature of the PV cells was reduced by 114% than that in air-cooled cells and 1.9% from water-cooled cells. As for the practical applications, it can be noted that hybrid nanofluids have demonstrated rather promising effects, enhancing the cooling efficacy of photovoltaic panels and, therefore, the efficacy of both overall solar energy systems.Refference:
I. A. M. Hussein, K. V. Sharma, R. A. Bakar, and K. Kadirgama. (2013). The effect of cross sectional area of tube on friction factor and heat transfer nanofluid turbulent flow. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 49-55. 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2013.06.007
II. A.M. Hussein (2016). Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System of friction factor and heat transfer nanofluid turbulent flow in a heated tube. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 8, 94-104. 10.1016/j.csite.2016.06.001
III. A.M. Hussein, K. V. Sharma, R. A. Bakar, K. Kadirgama (2014). A review of forced convection heat transfer enhancement and hydrodynamic characteristics of a nanofluid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 734-743. 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.256
IV. A.M. Hussein, K.V. Sharma, R.A. Bakar, K. Kadirgama. (2013). The effect of nanofluid volume concentration on heat transfer and friction factor inside a horizontal tube. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2013. 10.1155/2013/859563
V. A.M. Hussein, O.S. Khaleell, S.H. Danook. Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Water-CuO, NTU J. of Engineering and Technology, 1, (2022) 2 pp. 18-22. 10.56286/ntujet.v1i2.59
VI. A.M. Hussein, R.A. Bakar, K. Kadirgama, K.V. Sharma. Experimental measurement of nanofluids thermal properties. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 7, pp.850-863. 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.08.011
VII. A.M. Hussein. Thermal performance and thermal properties of hybrid nanofluid laminar flow in a double pipe heat exchanger, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 88, pp. 37–45, 2017. 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.05.015
VIII. Afrand, M., & Ranjbarzadeh, R. (2020). Hybrid nanofluids preparation method. Hybrid Nanofluids for Convection Heat Transfer, 49–99. 10.1016/b978-0-12-819280-1.00002-1
IX. Ajiv, Alam, Khan., Mohd, Danish., Saeed, Rubaiee., Syed, Mohd, Yahya. (2022). Insight into the investigation of Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles suspended aqueous nanofluids in hybrid photovoltaic/thermal system. Cleaner engineering and technology, 10.1016/j.clet.2022.100572
X. Al-ktranee M., Bencs P., (2020). Overview of the hybrid solar system. Analecta Technica Szegedinensia journal,Vol. 14, 1.100 -108, 10.2172/5839221
XI. Arora, N., Gupta, M., & Said, Z. (2022). Preparation and stability of hybrid nanofluids. Hybrid Nanofluids, 33–64. 10.1016/b978-0-323-85836-6.00002-8.
XII. AT Awad, AH Yaseen, AM Hussein, Evaluation of Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics across a Backward Facing Step for Mobile Cooling Applications Utilizing CNT Nanofluid in Laminar Conditions, CFD Letters 16 (10), 2024, 140-153. https://doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.16.10.140153
XIII. Ceylin, Şirin., Fatih, Selimefendigil., Hakan, F., Öztop. (2023). Performance Analysis and Identification of an Indirect Photovoltaic Thermal Dryer with Aluminum Oxide Nano-Embedded Thermal Energy Storage Modification. Sustainability. 10.3390/su15032422
XIV. Chavakula, R., Katari, N. K., Kadiyala, K. G., & Ramaswamy, G. (2022). Nanofluids: Basic information on preparation, stability, and applications. Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003157823-23.
XV. Che Sidik, N. A., Mahmud Jamil, M., Aziz Japar, W. M., & Muhammad Adamu, I. (2017). A review on preparation methods, stability and applications of hybrid nanofluids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1112–1122. 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.221
XVI. Dhinesh Kumar, D., & Valan Arasu, A. (2018). A comprehensive review of preparation, characterization, properties and stability of hybrid nanofluids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1669–1689. 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.257.
XVII. F. Zarda, A.M. Hussein, S.H. Danook, B. Mohamed. Enhancement of thermal efficiency of nanofluid flows in a flat solar collector using CFD, Diagnostyka 23 (4). 10.29354/diag/156384
XVIII. Giuseppina Ciulla, Valerio Lo Brano, Edoardo Moreci” Forecasting the Cell Temperature of PV Modules with an Adaptive System” 09 September 2013 10.1155/2013/192854
XIX. Giwa A, Yusuf A, Dindi A, Balogun HA. Polygeneration in desalination by photovoltaic thermal systems: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2020; 130: 109946. 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109946
XX. Hamdallah, M. W., Jumaah, O. M., Shaalan, Z. A., & Hussein, A. M. (2021). Performance Enhancement of air conditioning (Split unit) using CUO/Oil Nano-Lubricant. Materials Science Forum, 1021, 97–106. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1021.97
XXI. Hongbing, Chen., Xuening, Gao., Congcong, Wang., Lizhi, Jia., Rui, Zhao., Junhui, Sun., Meibo, Xing., Pingjun, Nie. (2024). Experimental study on the performance enhancement of PV/T by adding graphene oxide in paraffin phase change material emulsions. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112682
XXII. Jestin, Jose., Anurag, Shrivastava., Prem, Kumar, Soni., N., Hemalatha., Saad, Alshahrani., C., Ahamed, Saleel., Abhishek, Sharma., Saboor, Shaik., Ibrahim, M., Alarifi. (2023). An Analysis of the Effects of Nanofluid-Based Serpentine Tube Cooling Enhancement in Solar Photovoltaic Cells for Green Cities. Journal of Nanomaterials, 10.1155/2023/3456536
XXIII. K. Azeez, Z.A. Ibrahim, A.M. Hussein. Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity Measurement of ZnO Nanoparticles Dispersing in Various Base Fluids. J. of Adv. Res. in Fluid Mech. and Therm. Sci. 66, Issue 2 (2020) 1-10. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.344
XXIV. Mohammed Al-ktranee, Peter Bencs. (2020). Overview of the hybrid solar system. Analecta Technica Szegedinensia journal,Vol. 14, 1.100 -108, 10.14232/analecta.
XXV. Mosaad, R., Sharaby., M.M., Younes., Fawzy, Shaban, Abou-Taleb., Faisal, B., Baz. (2024). The influence of using MWCNT/ZnO-Water hybrid nanofluid on the thermal and electrical performance of a Photovoltaic/Thermal system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123332.
XXVI. Mrigendra, Singh., S.C, Solanki., Basant, Agrawal., Rajesh, Bhargava. (2023). Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic Thermal Collector (PVT) by Cooling Using Nano Fluid in the Climate Condiation of India. Current World Environment, 10.12944/cwe.18.2.21
XXVII. NAKHAT, G. S., NILKHAN, V., & BARDE, R. V. (2021). Preparation, properties, stability and applications of Nanofluids: A Review. International Journal of Chemical and Physical Sciences, 10(5), 24. 10.30731/ijcps.10.5.2021.24-32
XXVIII. Omran Alshikhi Muhammet Kayfeci(2022). Experimental investigation of using graphene nanoplatelets and hybrid nanofluid as coolant in photovoltaic thermal systems. Thermal Science, 10.2298/tsci200524348a
XXIX. Padmaja, P., & Soni, H. (2019). Nanofluids: Preparation methods and challenges in stability. Nanofluids and Their Engineering Applications, 3–20. 10.1201/9780429468223-1.
XXX. Qamar, Fairuz, Zahmani., Norzelawati, Asmuin., Mariela, Sued., Samia, M., Mokhtar., Muhammad, Nazrul, Hakimi, Sahar. (2024). Nanofluid-Infused Microchannel Heat Sinks: Comparative Study of Al2O3, TiO2, and CuO to Optimized Thermal Efficiency. Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engineering, 10.37934/armne.19.1.112
XXXI. Sandeep, Arya., Prerna, Mahajan. (2023). Introduction to Solar Cells. 10.1117/3.446028.ch1
XXXII. Sayan, Kumar, Nag., Tarun, Kumar, Gangopadhyay. (2023). Solar Photovoltaic Materials Development and Analysis. 10.22541/au.169038544.41077246/v1
XXXIII. Shivangi, Agarwal., Vinit, Sharma., Ajay, Kumar, Maurya., Pawan, Sen., Akanksha, Mishra. (2023). A Review of Solar Cells and their Applications. doi: 10.21467/proceedings.161.
XXXIV. T. Venkatesh, S. Manikandan, C. Selvam, S. Harish. Graphene nanofluids enhance solar PV/T system performance Improved heat transfer and electricity generation efficiency observed. 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105794
XXXV. Talib, K., Murtadha. (2023). Effect of using Al2O3 / TiO2 hybrid nanofluids on improving the photovoltaic performance. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 10.1016/j.csite.2023.103112
XXXVI. Telugu, Venkatesh., S., Manikandan., C., Selvam., Sivasankaran, Harish., Sivasankaran, Harish. (2022). Performance enhancement of hybrid solar PV/T system with graphene based nanofluids. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105794
XXXVII. Usman, Usman., Muhammad, Shoaib, Khan., Xiaowei, Zhu., Ahsan, Ali, Memon., Taseer, Muhammad. (2024). Investigating the Enhanced Cooling Performance of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids in a Three-Dimensional Annulus-Type Photovoltaic Thermal System for Sustainable Energy Efficiency. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 10.1016/j.csite.2024.104700
XXXVIII. Wei Pang, Yanan Cui, Qian Zhang, Gregory.J. Wilson, Hui Yan. A comparative analysis on performances of flat plate photovoltaic/thermal collectors in view of operating media, structural designs, and climate conditions. Structural designs, and climate conditions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2020; 119: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109599
XXXIX. Z.A. Ibrahim, Q.K. Jasim, A.M. Hussein, (2020). The impact of alumina nanoparticles suspended in water flowing in a flat solar collector. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 65(1), 1-12. 10.1016/0038-092x(61)90061-5
XL. Z.A. Shaalan, A.A. S, H.M. W, Heat pump performance enhancement by using a nanofluids (experimental study), J. Mech. Eng. Res. Develop. 44 (2) (2021), 01- 09. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351690444
XLI. Z.H. Ali, A.M. Hussein, A review of enhancement of thermal performance of flat plate solar collectors through nanofluid implementation. Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 40(1), 2023, 139-148. 10.7862/rm.2023.14