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Abstract:

This article examines in detail the influence of various types of defects in reinforced concrete structures on the residual bearing capacity. The purpose of this study is to inspect a specific student dormitory with subsequent assessment of the technical condition category of reinforced concrete structures based on the results of identified defects and damage. The objectives of the work are visual inspection of the building with the identification of all defects, assessment of the suitability of the building for further operation, development of recommendations for strengthening reinforced concrete structures, and safe operation of the building. Based on the results of the inspection of reinforced concrete structures, the strength properties of concrete in the structures were determined, the most critical defects in the load-bearing elements were identified and recommendations for their strengthening were given. The relevance of this study for the construction industry is due to the following: 1) such studies are rarely conducted; 2) the issue of strengthening reinforced concrete structures is very relevant when inspecting buildings; 3) defects in reinforced concrete structures can significantly affect their bearing capacity and the assignment of a technical condition category to these load-bearing elements.

Keywords:

Collapse,Corrosion of reinforcement,Cracks in concrete,Defects in reinforced concrete elements,Inspection of buildings and structures,Protective layer of concrete,Strengthening of structures,Waterproofing,

Refference:

I. Ahzahar N., Karim N.A., Hassan S. H., Eman J., : ‘A Study of Contribution Factors to Building Failures and Defects in Construction Industry’. Procedia Eng. Vol. 20, pp. 249–255, 2011.
10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.162
II. Aleshin D. N., Kotova N. V. and Aleshina E. A., : ‘Complex of non-destructive testing methods for inspection of building foundations’. Bulletin of the Siberian State Industrial University. Vol. 4(10), pp. 40-42, 2014. https://elibrary.ru/tfadyx
III. Arditi D., Günaydın H. M., : ‘Total Quality Management in the Construction Process’. Int. J. Proj. Manag. Vol. 15, pp. 235–243, 1997. 10.1016/S0263-7863(96)00076-2
IV. Arksey H., O’Malley L., : ‘Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework’. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. Vol. 8(1), pp. 19–32, 2005. 10.1080/1364557032000119616
V. Awoshika K. and L. C. Reese. : ‘Analysis of Foundation with Widely Spaced Batter Piles’. Research Report 117- 3F, Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin. February 1971. https://elibrary.ru/fxxtoz
VI. Awasho T. T., Alemu S. K., : ‘Assessment of Public Building Defects and Maintenance Practices: Cases in Mettu Town’. Ethiopia. Heliyon. Vol. 9, pp. 15052, 2023. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15052
VII. Berg Oppedal L., Kvande T., : ‘Lessons Learned from Information Sources on Building Defect Studies’. Buildings. Vol. 14, pp. 1231, 2024. 10.3390/buildings14051231
VIII. Biczok I., : ‘The concrete corrosion and protection’. Tehnica Edition, Bucharest. pp. 548, 1965.
IX. Еvtushenko S. I., : ‘Typical defects and damage to the industrial buildings’. facades / S.I. Еvtushenko, T.A. Krahmalny (2020) IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 775(1), 012135. 10.1088/1757-899X/775/1/012135
X. Faqih F., Zayed T., : ‘Defect-Based Building Condition Assessment’. Build. Environ. Vol. 191, pp. 107575, 2021.
10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107575
XI. Felipo R., Charpin D., : ‘Structural Home Defects Are the Leading Cause of Mold in Buildings: The Housing and Health Service Experience’. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. Vol. 19, pp. 16692, 2022. 10.3390/ijerph192416692
XII. Gurmu A. T., Krezel A., Ongkowijoyo C., : ‘Fuzzy-Stochastic Model to Assess Defects in Low-Rise Residential Buildings’. J. Build. Eng. Vol. 40, pp. 102318, 2021. 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102318
XIII. Hauashdh A., Jailani J., Rahman I. A., AL-fadhali N., : ‘Strategic Approaches towards Achieving Sustainable and Effective Building Maintenance Practices in Maintenance-Managed Buildings: A Combination of Expert Interviews and a Literature Review’. J. Build. Eng. Vol. 45, pp. 103490, 2022. 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103490
XIV. Holme J.,: ‘Mould Growth in Buildings. Doctoral thesis’. NTNU: Trondheim, Norway. 2010. https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/231669/371323_FULLTEXT02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
XV. Ingebretsen S. B., Andenæ s, E., Kvande T., : ‘Microclimate of Air Cavities in Ventilated Roof and Façade Systems in Nordic Climates’. Buildings. Vol. 12 (5), pp. 683, 2022. 10.3390/buildings12050683
XVI. Johansen K. S., : ‘Internal Rain Gutter for BIPV Dimensioning the Internal Rain Gutter for ZEB Laboratory’s BIPV Roof. Master thesis’. NTNU: Trondheim, Norway. 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2645885
XVII. Lisø K. R., Kvande T., Thue J. V., : ‘Learning from Experience—An Analysis of Process Induced Building Defects in Norway’. In Research in Building Physics and Building Engineering. Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, pp. 425–432, 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-41675-7
XVIII. Krakhmalny T. A., and Yevtushenko S. I., : ‘Defects and damage to the soil foundations of industrial buildings’. Construction and architecture. Volume 7. Issue 3(24). pp. 45-49, 2019. 10.29039/2308-0191-2019-7-3-45-49
XIX. Love P.E.D., Li H., : ‘Quantifying the Causes and Costs of Rework in Construction’. Constr. Manag. Econ. Vol. 18, pp. 479–490, 2000. 10.1080/01446190050024897
XX. Muhammad Iqbal, Imtiaz Khan, Fawad Ahmad, Muhammad Zees an Ahad, Mehre Munir. : ‘Factors Affecting the Performance of Construction Projects in Pakistan’. J. Mech.Cont. & Math. Sci. Vol. 14, No. 3, May-June, pp. 336-358, 2019. 10.26782/jmcms.2019.06.00025
XXI. Mundt-Petersen S. O., Wallentén, P., Joelsson A., Kläth, M., : ‘Distribution and Location of Damages in Swedish Buildings’. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. Pp. 2654, 2023. 10.1088/1742-6596/2654/1/012014
XXII. Parfenov A. A., Sivakova O. A., Gusar O. A., and Balakireva V. V., : ‘Selection of optimal methods for determining the strength of concrete during the inspection of buildings and structures’. Building materials. Vol. 1-2. pp. 60-63, 2019. 10.31659/0585-430X-2019-767-1-2-60-63
XXIII. Park J. Y., Lange J., Koc O., Al-Bakhat F., : ‘Design of an Enhanced Defect Identification System for Commercial Building Construction’. Proceedings of the 2017 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium, Charlottesville, USA, 28 April 2017. 10.1109/SIEDS.2017.7937755
XXIV. Salem M. Khalabi, Dmitry S. Chayko, Olga G. Plotnikova, Massimode Maria, Aleksandr S. Chikunov. : ‘Modern Approaches to Preservation and Reconstruction of Historical Industrial Facilities’. J.Mech.Cont.& Math. Sci. Special Issue-1, March, pp. 581-591, 2019. 10.26782/jmcms.2019.03.00058
XXV. Sandanayake M., Yang W., Chhibba N., Vrcelj Z., : ‘Residential Building Defects Investigation and Mitigation – a Comparative Review in Victoria, Australia, for Understanding the Way Forward’. Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag. Vol. 29, pp. 3689–3711, 2021. 10.1108/ECAM-03-2021-0232
XXVI. Sassu M., De Falco A., : ‘Legal Disputes and Building Defects: Data from Tuscany’. J. Perform. Constr. Facil. Vol. 28, 2014. 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000520
XXVII. Talib R., Sulieman M., : ‘Achieving Zero Defects Strategy: A Quantitative Report Adjudicating the Most Common Building Defects to Look Out For’. Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. Vol. 139, pp. 189–200, 2021. 10.1007/978-981-33-6560-5_21
XXVIII. Tarekegn Gurmu A., Shooshtarian S., Mahmood M. N., : ‘Critical Evaluation of Building Defects Research: A Scientometric Analysis’. J. Perform. Constr. Facil. Vol. 36, 2022. 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001727
XXIX. Tarekegn Gurmu A., Mahmood M. N., : ‘Critical Factors Affecting Quality in Building Construction Projects: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. Vol.150(3), 2024. 10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-13794
XXX. Ulybin A.V., Zubkov S.V., Fedotov S.D., Zakrevsky A.Yu., : ‘Inspection of pile foundation before constructing additional storeys оn existing buildings’. Magazine of Civil Engineering. Vol. 48(4). pp: 17–27, 2014. (rus). 10.5862/MCE.48.3
XXXI. Wahab S. N. A., Hamid M. Y., : ‘A Review Factors Affecting Building Defects of Structural Steel Construction. Case Study: Student Accommodation in UiTM Perak’. Procedia Eng., Vol. 20, pp. 174–179, 2011. 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.153
XXXII. Waziri B. S., : ‘Design and Construction Defects Influencing Residential Building Maintenance in Nigeria. Jordan’. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 10, pp. 313–323, 2016. 10.14525/JJCE.10.3.3605
XXXIII. Wong J. T. Y., Hui E. C. M., : ‘Water Seepage in Multi‐storey Buildings. Facilities. Vol. 23, pp. 595–607, 2005. 10.1108/02632770510627570

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Abstract:

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) in medical applications into healthcare applications has enabled the remote monitoring of patients' information, facilitating timely diagnostics as required. The technology of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) empowers doctors to treat patients through real-time monitoring and remote diagnostics. Nevertheless, implementing high-security features that ensure the accuracy and confidentiality of patients' data poses a substantial challenge. IoMT devices have limited processing power and memory, making it impossible to build security technology on them. Methodology: So the proposed work formulates a machine learning-based topology to construct an efficient and precise intrusion detection system using network traffic and patient data. Findings: In this topology, modified Whale optimization topology has been implemented for feature selection, and the intrusion is detected using two ML algorithms namely, Random Forest and SVM. Hence, the proposed method surpasses the current state-of-the-art, achieving an accuracy rate of 99.82%.

Keywords:

Intrusion Detection System (IDS),Network Attacks,SVM,Random Forest (RF),Modified Whale Optimization Algorithm (MWOA),

Refference:

I. Awotunde Joseph Bamidele et al., : ‘A deep learning-based intrusion detection technique for a secured IoMT system’. International Conference on Informatics and Intelligent Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. 10.1007/978-3-030-95630-1_4
II. Binbusayyis Adel et al., : ‘An investigation and comparison of machine learning approaches for intrusion detection in IoMT network’. The Journal of Supercomputing. Vol. 78(15), pp. 17403-17422, 2022. 10.1007/s11227-022-04568-3
III. Ghubaish Ali et al., : ‘Recent advances in the internet-of-medical-things (IoMT) systems security’. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. Vol. 8(11), pp. 8707-8718, 2020. 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3045653
IV. Gupta Karan et al., : ‘A tree classifier based network intrusion detection model for Internet of Medical Things’. Computers and Electrical Engineering. Vol. 102, 108158, 2022. 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108158
V. Hady Anar A. et al., : ‘Intrusion detection system for healthcare systems using medical and network data: A comparison study’. IEEE Access. Vol. 8, pp. 106576-106584, 2020. 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3000421
VI. Khan Soneila, and Adnan Akhunzada. : ‘A hybrid DL-driven intelligent SDN-enabled malware detection framework for Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)’. Computer Communications. Vol. 170, pp. 209-216, 2021. 10.1016/j.comcom.2021.01.013
VII. Kumar P., Gupta G. P. and Tripathi R., : ‘An ensemble learning and fog-cloud architecture-driven cyber-attack detection framework for IoMT networks’. Computer Communications. Vol. 166, pp.110-124, 2021. 10.1016/j.comcom.2020.12.003
VIII. Malamas Vangelis et al., : ‘Risk assessment methodologies for the internet of medical things: A survey and comparative appraisal’. IEEE Access. Vol. 9, pp. 40049-40075, 2021. 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3064682
IX. Manimurugan S., et al., : ‘Effective attack detection in internet of medical things smart environment using a deep belief neural network’. IEEE Access. Vol. 8, pp. 77396-77404, 2020. 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2986013
X. Nandy S., Adhikari M., Khan, M. A., Menon V.G. and Verma S., : ‘An intrusion detection mechanism for secured IoMT framework based on swarm-neural network’. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. Vol. 26(5), pp.1969-1976, 2021. 10.1109/JBHI.2021.3101686
XI. Radoglou-Grammatikis, Panagiotis et al., : ‘A self-learning approach for detecting intrusions in healthcare systems’. ICC 2021-IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2021. 10.1109/ICC42927.2021.9500354
XII. Ravi Vinayakumar et al., : ‘A Multi-View attention-based deep learning framework for malware detection in smart healthcare systems’. Computer Communications. Vol. 195, pp. 73-81, 2022. 10.1016/j.comcom.2022.08.015
XIII. Rbah Yahya et al., : ‘Machine learning and deep learning methods for intrusion detection systems in iomt: A survey’. 2nd International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET). IEEE, 2022. 10.1109/IRASET52964.2022.9738218
XIV. Saheed Y. K. and Arowolo M. O., : ‘Efficient cyber attack detection on the internet of medical things-smart environment based on deep recurrent neural network and machine learning algorithms’. IEEE Access. Vol. 9, pp.161546-161554, 2021. 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3128837
XV. Unal Devrim, Shada Bennbaia, and Ferhat Ozgur Catak. : ‘Machine learning for the security of healthcare systems based on Internet of Things and edge computing’. Cybersecurity and Cognitive Science. Academic Press, 2022. Pp. 299-320. 10.1016/B978-0-323-90570-1.00007-3

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Abstract:

The proposed inventory model has been developed for deteriorating items subject to all-unit discount in a fuzzy environment. Considering demand as price dependent, holding cost depends on time, and purchase cost depends on order size. The inventory parameters, such as ordering cost, holding cost, and demand rate, are all represented as triangular fuzzy numbers to capture the uncertainty in the system. The objective of the model is to determine the optimal time length, selling price, and order quantity to maximize the total profit function. Numerical examples are carried out to validate the models. Sensitivity analysis is performed to check the effect of fuzzy parameters on profit function and decision variables to get further insights. Results stated that a fuzzy model works better than a crisp model, and an all-units discount policy helps in maximizing a retailer's profit. It allows for flexibility and adaptability, leading to a potential increase in revenue.

Keywords:

Deterioration,All-units discount,Graded mean integration method,Price dependent demand,Time dependent holding cost,Triangular fuzzy number,

Refference:

I. Alfares H. K., & Ghaithan A. M., : ‘Inventory and pricing model with price-dependent demand, time-varying holding cost, and quantity discounts’. Computers and Industrial Engineering. Vol. 94, pp. 170–177, 2016. 10.1016/j.cie.2016.02.009
II. Bellman R. E., & Zadeh L. A., : ‘Decision-Making in a Fuzzy Environment’. Management Science. Vol. 17(4), pp. 141–164, 1970. 10.1142/9789812819789_0004
III. Bera U. K., & Maiti A. K., : ‘A soft-computing approach to multi-item fuzzy EOQ model incorporating discount’. International Journal of Information and Decision Sciences. Vol. 4(4), pp. 313–328, 2012. 10.1504/IJIDS.2012.050376
IV. Chen S. H., : ‘Operations on fuzzy numbers with function principle’. Tamkang Journal of Management Sciences. Vol. 6(1), pp. 13–25, 1986.
V. Chen S. H. & Hsieh C. H., : ‘Optimization of fuzzy backorder inventory models’. IEEE International Fuzzy System Conference (Seoul, Korea) Proceedings. Vol. 1, pp. 470–480, 1999. 10.1109/ICSMC.1999.815564
VI. Chen S. H. & Hsieh C. H., : ‘Representation, ranking, distance, and similarity of L-R type fuzzy number and application’. Australian Journal of Intelligent Information Processing Systems. Vol. 6(4), pp. 217–229, 2000.
VII. Dubois D., & Prade H., : ‘Fuzzy Sets and Systems: Theory and Applications’. Academic Press. NY, pp. 71-73, 1980.
VIII. Garai T., Chakraborty D., & Roy T. K., : ‘Fully fuzzy inventory model with price-dependent demand and time varying holding cost under fuzzy decision variables’. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems. Vol. 36(4), pp. 3725–3738, 2019. 10.3233/JIFS-18379
IX. Huang T. S., Yang M. F., Chao Y. S., Yan Kei, E. S., & Chung, W. H., : ‘Fuzzy supply chain integrated inventory model with quantity discounts and unreliable process in uncertain environments’. Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science. Vol. 2, pp. 14–19, 2018.
X. Indrajitsingha S. K., : ‘A fuzzy inventory model for linear deteriorating items with selling price dependent demand and allowable shortages under partially backlogged condition’. International Journal of Procurement Management. Vol. 12(4), pp. 457–474, 2019. 10.1504/IJPM.2019.101245
XI. Jaggi C. K., Pareek S., Sharma A., & hi N., : ‘Fuzzy Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items with Time-varying Demand and Shortages’. American Journal of Operational Research. Vol. 2(6), pp. 81–92, 2012. 10.5923/j.ajor.20120206.01
XII. Kaufmann A. and Gupta M. M., : ‘Introduction to Fuzzy Arithmetic Theory and Applications’. International Thomson Computer Press, USA., 1991.
XIII. Khan M. A. A., Ahmed S., Babu M. S., & Sultana, N., : ‘Optimal lot-size decision for deteriorating items with price-sensitive demand, linearly time-dependent holding cost under all-units discount environment’. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations and Logistics. Vol. 9(1), pp. 61–74, 2022. 10.1080/23302674.2020.1815892
XIV. Kristiyani I. M., & Daryanto Y., : ‘An Inventory Model Considering All Unit Discount and Carbon Emissions’. International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Vol. 1(2), pp. 43–50, 2019. 10.24002/ijieem.v1i2.3410
XV. Kumar N., & Kumar S., : ‘An inventory model for deteriorating items with partial backlogging using linear demand in fuzzy environment’. Cogent Business and Management. Vol. 4(1), pp. 1307687, 2017. 10.1080/23311975.2017.1307687
XVI. Limansyah T., & Lesmono D., : ‘Probabilistic Inventory Model with Expiration Date and All-Units Discount’. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 546(5), pp. 052042, 2019. 10.1088/1757-899X/546/5/052042
XVII. Maragatham M., & Lakshmidevi P. K., : ‘A Fuzzy Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items with Price Dependent Demand’. International Journal of Fuzzy Mathematical Archive. Vol. 5(1), pp. 39-47, 2014.
XVIII. Rani N., & Kumar V., : ‘An Fuzzy Inventory Model for Decaying Items with a Demand-Dependent Selling Price as a Degree n Polynomial, Linear Deterioration Rate, and Constant Holding Cost’. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), Vol. 10(10), pp. 42–46, 2021.
XIX. Roy A., : ‘Fuzzy inventory model for deteriorating items with price dependent demand’. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management. Vol. 10(4), pp. 237–241, 2015. 10.1080/17509653.2014.959086
XX. Saha S., : ‘Fuzzy Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items in a Supply Chain System with Price Dependent Demand and Without Backorder’. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER). Vol. 6(6), pp. 183–187, 2017.
XXI. Saha S., & Chakrabarti T., : ‘A Fuzzy Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items with Linear Price Dependent Demand in a Supply Chain’. International Journal of Fuzzy Mathematical Archive. Vol. 13(1), pp. 59–67, 2017.
XXII. Sahoo N. K., Mohanty B. S., & Tripathy P. K., : ‘Fuzzy inventory model with exponential demand and time-varying deterioration’. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 12(3), pp. 2573–2589, 2016.
XXIII. Shah N. H., Rabari K., & Patel E., : ‘Greening efforts and deteriorating inventory policies for price-sensitive stock-dependent demand’. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations and Logistics. Vol. 10(1), 2022808, 2023. 10.1080/23302674.2021.2022808
XXIV. Shah N. H., & Soni H., : ‘Continuous review inventory model for fuzzy price dependent demand’. International Journal of Modelling in Operations Management. Vol. 1(3), pp. 209–222, (]2011. 10.1504/ijmom.2011.039527
XXV. Shaikh A. A., Bhunia A. K., Cárdenas-Barrón L. E., Sahoo L., & Tiwari S., : ‘A Fuzzy Inventory Model for a Deteriorating Item with Variable Demand, Permissible Delay in Payments and Partial Backlogging with Shortage Follows Inventory (SFI) Policy’. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems. Vol. 20(5), pp. 1606–1623, 2018. 10.1007/s40815-018-0466-7
XXVI. Shaikh A. A., Khan M. A.-A., Panda G. C., & Konstantaras I., : ‘Price discount facility in an EOQ model for deteriorating items with stock-dependent demand and partial backlogging’. International Transactions in Operational Research. Vol. 26(4), pp. 1365–1395, 2019. 10.1111/itor.12632
XXVII. Shaikh T. S., & Gite S. P., : ‘Fuzzy Inventory Model with Variable Production and Selling Price Dependent Demand under Inflation for Deteriorating Items’. American Journal of Operations Research. Vol. 12(6), pp. 233–249, 2022. 10.4236/ajor.2022.126013
XXVIII. Sharmila D., & Uthayakumar R., : ‘Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items Involving Fuzzy with Shortages and Exponential Demand’. International Journal of Supply and Operations Management, IJSOM. Vol. 2(3), pp. 888–904, 2015. 10.22034/2015.3.05
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XXX. Varadharajan R., & Sangma F. A., : ‘Fuzzy EOQ Model for Deteriorating Items with Price Dependent Demand using Graded Mean Integration Value’. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 119(9), pp. 351–361, 2018.
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XXXII. Zadeh L. A., : ‘Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complex Systems and Decision Processes’. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC. Vol. 3(1), pp. 28–44, 1973. 10.1109/TSMC.1973.5408575

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Abstract:

In this paper, equations are established to predict how the values of the lower yield point in the stress-strain curve depending on a time of corrosion influence will change. Although this point is of theoretical importance in the theory of strength of materials, its change in corroded steel is of practical importance, since this point determines according to the theory which minimum load or stress is required to maintain the plastic behavior of material. A well-founded mathematical principle was used to process experimentally obtained data in two main directions - the stochastic method and the average method. Diagrams of the variation of values in corroded steel were drawn up and equations of the 9th degree were established using polynomial approximation.

Keywords:

Corrosion,Equations,Establishing,Lower Yield Point,Time,

Refference:

I. A. Shopov. : ‘Stochastic way for calculation of strength on construction steel with corrosion’. XVIII Anniversary International Scientific Conference by Construction and Architecture “VSU’2018”, Bulgaria. pp. 447-452, 2018 (in Bulgarian).
II. A. Shopov and B. Bonev. : ‘Change of Young’s module on steel specimens with corrosion by experiment’. International Journal of Modeling and Optimization. Vol. 9(2), pp.102-107, 2019. https://www.ijmo.org/vol9/693-ED025.pdf
III. A. Shopov and B. Bonev. : ‘Ascertainment of the change of the ductility in corroded steel specimens by experiment’. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. Vol. 10(1), pp. 1551-1560, 2019. https://iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJCIET/VOLUME_10_ISSUE_1/IJCIET_10_01_142.pdf
IV. A. Shopov and B. Bonev. : ‘Experimental study of the change of the strengthening zone on corroded steel specimens’. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. Vol.10(1), pp. 2285-2293, 2019. https://iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJCIET/VOLUME_10_ISSUE_1/IJCIET_10_01_206.pdf
V. A. Shopov and B. Bonev. : ‘Study by experimental of the zone of fracture on S355JR steel specimens with corrosion’. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. Vol. 10(2), pp.751-760, 2019. Study by experimental of the zone of fracture on S355JR steel specimens with corrosion
VI. A. Shopov and B. Bonev. : ‘Experimental study of the zone of yield strength on corroded construction steel specimens for reuse’. MATEC Web of Conferences. Vol. 279 (02009), 2019. 10.1051/matecconf/201927902009
VII. A. Shopov and B. Bonev. : ‘Experimental determination on the change of geometrical characteristics and the theoretical ultimate-load capacity of corroded steel samples’. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. Vol. 10(2), pp. 320-329, 2019. https://iaeme.com/Home/article_id/IJCIET_10_02_035
VIII. A. Shopov. : ‘Calculation on yield strain depending on time of corrosion influence’. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. Vol.8(7), pp. 2391-2396, 2019. https://www.ijitee.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v8i7/G6061058719.pdf
IX. A. Shopov. : ‘Computation on Corrosion Influence in Ultimate Strength and Strain Depending on Time’. International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering. Vol.19(3), pp.112-120, 2019.
X. A. Shopov and Sv. Ganev. : ‘Forecasting the change of yield stress point on steel with corrosion according to corrosion influence for military shelters’. 9th International Scientific Conference on Defensive Technologies (OTEH 2020), Serbia, pp.469-474, 2020.
XI. A. Shopov. : ‘Theoretical-Computation Conception for Forecasting on Corrosion Influence into Steel Elements at Sustainable Development’. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. Vol.8(8), pp. 2391-2396, 2019.
XII. B. Goodno and J. Gere. : ‘Mechanics of Materials’ Cengage Learning. 2020.
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XX. Steven C. Chapra. : ‘Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists’. McGraw Hill, 2017.

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Abstract:

In contemporary portable electronic devices featuring real-time DSP chips, a pivotal challenge lies in minimizing power consumption. The efficiency of these DSP chips is directly impacted by the substantial power dissipation of their multiplier sub-circuits. Consequently, numerous architectures emphasizing low-power consumption, high-speed operation, and compact layout structures for multiplier units have emerged in the literature over recent decades. This manuscript offers insights into select state-of-the-art fixed-width multiplier architectures tailored for low-power operation, presenting a detailed comparative analysis in terms of power consumption, area utilization, and processing delay. Notable among the fixed-width multiplier architectures are the serial, array, Vedic, Booth, Wallace-tree, and Modified Booth-Wallace designs. For operations involving larger operands, the Modified Booth-Wallace architecture is favored due to its reduced latency. This study concentrates on a comprehensive examination and evaluation of various low-power fixed-width multiplier architectures, highlighting diverse operand sizes. Simulation-based assessments utilizing the 45nm PTM model indicate that the Modified Booth-Wallace tree architecture achieves a 73% reduction in latency compared to a basic array multiplier. Moreover, CMOS-based designs demonstrate superior noise margin performance compared to GDI and CCGDI techniques. Notably, the dynamic voltage-controlled CCGDI-based architecture showcases a 60% enhancement in Power-Delay Product (PDP) compared to the conventional CMOS-based Modified Booth-Wallace multiplier architecture. The manuscript's novelty lies in its succinct overview of the latest multiplier architectures implemented at the 45nm technology node, specifically tailored for low-power DSP chips.

Keywords:

Booth Algorithm,GDI,Low power VLSI,Multiplier,Wallace Tree architecture,

Refference:

I. Arkadiy Morgenshtein, Alexander Fish, and Israel A. Wagner. : ‘Gate-Diffusion Input (GDI): A Power-Efficient Method for Digital Combinatorial Circuits’. IEEE Transaction on VLSI Systems. Vol. 10(5), pp. 566-581, October 2002. 10.1109/TVLSI.2002.801578
II. B. Mukherjee, A Ghosal. : ‘Counter Based Low Power, Low Latency Wallace Tree Multiplier Using GDI Technique for On-chip Digital Filter Applications’. IEEE International Conference on Devices for Integrated Circuit (DevIC), March 2019. 10.1109/DEVIC.2019.8783456
III. B. Mukherjee, A Ghosal. : ‘Design and Analysis of a Low Power High Performance GDI Based Radix 4 Multiplier Using Modified Booth Wallace Algorithm’. IEEE Electron Device Kolkata Conference (2018 IEEE EDKCON), 2018. 10.1109/EDKCON.2018.8770494
IV. B. Mukherjee, A Ghosal. : ‘Design and Implementation of Low Power, High Speed, Area Efficient Gate Diffusion Input Logic Based Modified Vedic Multiplier for Digital Signal Processor’. RAICMHAS International Conference. 2019.
V. B. Mukherjee, A. Ghosal. : ‘Design of a low power, double throughput CCGDI based radix-4 MBW multiplier and accumulator (MAC) unit for on-chip RISC processors of MEMS sensor’. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. Vol. 29(6), pp. 064003, 2019. 10.1088/1361-6439/ab1504
VI. B. Mukherjee, A. Ghosal. : ‘Low Power Dynamic Voltage Scaling CCGDI Based Radix-4 MBW Multiplier Using Parallel HA and FA Counters for On-Chip Filter Applications’. Sadhana, Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences. Vol 45(1), article id: 0119, 2020. 10.1007/s12046-020-01340-2
VII. B. Mukherjee, B Roy, A Biswas, A Ghosal. : ‘Cyclic Combinational Gate diffusion input (CCGDI) technique‐a new approach of low power digital combinational circuit design’. IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT). pp. 1‐6, 2015. 10.1109/ICECCT.2015.7226150
VIII. B. Mukherjee, B Roy, A Biswas, A Ghosal. : ‘Design of a low power 4×4 multiplier based on five transistor (5‐T) half adder, eight transistor (8‐T) full adder & two transistor (2‐T) AND gate’. IEEE 2nd International conference on Computer, Communication, Control and Information Technology (C3IT). 2015. 10.1109/C3IT.2015.7060143
IX. Binta Lamba, Anurag Sharma. : ‘A review paper on different multipliers based on their different performance parameters’. 2nd International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC). Pp.324-327, 2018. 10.1109/ICISC.2018.8399088
X. C. J. Norris and S. Kim. : ‘An Approximate and Iterative Posit Multiplier Architecture for FPGAs’. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Daegu, Korea 2021, pp. 1-5, 10.1109/ISCAS51556.2021.9401158.
XI. Christian Piguet. ‘Low-Power CMOS Circuits Technology, Logic Design and CAD Tools’. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006
XII. Christopher Fritz , Adly T. Fam. ‘Fast Binary Counters Based on Symmetric Stacking’. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. Vol. 25(10), pp. 2971–2975, 2017. 10.1109/TVLSI.2017.2723475
XIII. Glenn Colón-Bonet, Paul Winterrowd. : ‘Multiplier Evolution: A Family of Multiplier VLSI Implementations’. The Computer Journal. Vol. 51(5), pp. 585-594, 2008. 10.1093/comjnl/bxm123
XIV. H. Xue, R. Patel, N. V. V. K. Boppana, S. Ren. : ‘Low-power-delay-product radix-4 8*8 Booth multiplier in CMOS’. Electronics Letters. Vol. 54(6), pp. 344-346, 2018. 10.1049/el.2017.3996
XV. H. Zhang and S. -B. Ko. : ‘Design of Power Efficient Posit Multiplier’. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. Vol. 67(5), pp. 861-865, May 2020, 10.1109/TCSII.2020.2980531.
XVI. J. L. Gustafson and I. Yonemoto. : ‘Beating floating point at its own game: Posit arithmetic’. Supercomput. Front. Innovat. Int. J., Vol. 4(2), pp. 71–86, Jun. 2017.
XVII. Jiang H, Han J, Qiao F, Lombardi F., : ‘Approximate Radix-8 Booth Multipliers for Low-Power and High-Performance Operation’. IEEE Transactions on Computers. Vol.65, pp: 2638–2644, 2016. 10.1109/TC.2015.2493547
XVIII. M. Lanuzza, P. Corsonello and S. Perri. : ‘Fast and Wide Range Voltage Conversion in Multisupply Voltage Designs’. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. Vol. 23(2), pp. 388-391, 2015. 10.1109/TVLSI.2014.2308400.
XIX. M. Mottaghi-Dastjerdi, A. Afzali-Kusha and M. Pedram. : ‘BZ-FAD: A Low-Power Low-Area Multiplier Based on Shift-and-Add Architecture’. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. Vol. 17(2), pp. 302-306, Feb. 2009. 10.1109/TVLSI.2008.2004544
XX. Md. W. Allam. : ‘New Methodologies for Low-Power High-Performance Digital VLSI Design’. PhD. Thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2000.
XXI. N.Anuar, Y. Takahashi,T. Sekine. : ‘4×4-bit array two phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic multiplier with new XOR’. IEEE VLSI System on Chip Conference (VLSI-SoC). Pp.364-368, 2010. 10.1109/VLSISOC.2010.5642688
XXII. Neil Weste and David Harris. : ‘CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems Perspective’. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, (4th. ed.), USA, pp: 476-490, 2010.
XXIII. P. Mehta and D. Gawali. : ‘Conventional versus Vedic Mathematical Method for Hardware Implementation of a Multiplier’. International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies. pp. 640-642, 2009. 10.1109/ACT.2009.162
XXIV. R. Patel, Y. S. Chauhan. : ‘Multiplier design and performance comparison using reversible and conventional logic gates’. Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), New Delhi, 2015. pp. 1-6, 10.1109/INDICON.2015.7443439.
XXV. Rabaey J.M., A. Chandrakasan, B.Nikolic. : ‘Digital Integrated Circuits, A Design’. 2nd 2002, prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,NJ.
XXVI. Ron S. Waters, Earl E. Swartzlander. : ‘A Reduced Complexity Wallace Multiplier Reduction’. IEEE Transaction on Computers. Vol.59(8), pp. 1134-1137, 2010. 10.1109/TC.2010.103
XXVII. S. K. Chen, C. W. Liu, T. Y. Wu and A. C. Tsai. : ‘Design and Implementation of High-Speed and Energy-Efficient Variable-Latency Speculating Booth Multiplier (VLSBM)’. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers. Vol. 60(10), pp. 2631-2643, 2013, 10.1109/TCSI.2013.2248851.
XXVIII. Shahzad Asif, Yinan Kong. : ‘Design of an algorithmic Wallace multiplier using high speed counters’. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), Cairo, Egypt. PP: 133 – 138, 2015. 10.1109/ICCES.2015.7393033
XXIX. Shuli Gao, D. Al-Khalili, J. M. P. Langlois and N. Chabini. : ‘Decimal floating-point multiplier with binary-decimal compression based fixed-point multiplier’. IEEE 30th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), Windsor, ON, Canada, 2017, pp. 1-6, 10.1109/CCECE.2017.7946692.
XXX. Sreehari Veeramachaneni, Lingamneni Avinash, M. Kirthi Krishna, M.B. Srinivas. : ‘Novel Architectures for Efficient (m, n) Parallel Counters’. Proceedings of ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI . Stresa – Lago Maggiore, Italy. Vol. 11(13), PP: 188-191, 2007. 10.1145/1228784.1228833
XXXI. Wang J. S, Kuo C. S, and Yang T. H., : ‘Low-power fixed-width array multipliers’. Proc. IEEE Symp. Low Power Electron. Des. pp. 307–312, 2004. 10.1109/LPE.2004.241092
XXXII. X. Zhang, F. Boussaid and A. Bermak. : ‘32 Bit X 32 Bit Multiprecision Razor-Based Dynamic Voltage Scaling Multiplier With Operands Scheduler’. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. Vol. 22(4), pp. 759-770, 2014. 10.1109/TVLSI.2013.2252032
XXXII. Z. Huang and M. D. Ercegovac. : ‘High-performance low-power left to right array multiplier design’. IEEE Trans. Computers. Vol. 54(2), pp. 272–283, 2005. 10.1109/TC.2005.51

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Abstract:

This intriguing article delves deep into the concept of non-self-plottings within the intricate realm of metrically curved planetary systems, meticulously analyzing and dissecting various fixed point propositions that govern these celestial bodies. Within the confines of this chapter, we embark on a journey to explore and elucidate Assad's groundbreaking discovery, delving into its complexities and implications to present a more elaborate and all-encompassing single-valued plotting. This development not only serves as a noteworthy extension of Assad's work but also emerges as a significant and groundbreaking generalization of Chatterjea's fundamental primary proposition, shedding new light on the dynamics of planetary motion and positioning in the vast expanse of the universe.

Keywords:

Convex space,Fixed point proposition,Metrically convex planetary,Non-self-mappings,Single valued plotting,

Refference:

I. Chaira Karim, Mustapha Kabil, and Abdessamad Kamouss. : ‘Fixed Point Results for C‐Contractive Mappings in Generalized Metric Spaces with a Graph’. Journal of Function Spaces 2021.1 (2021), 8840347. 10.1155/2021/8840347
II. Assad N. A., : ‘Fixed point theorems for set valued transformations on compact sets’. Notices of the American Mathematical Society. vol. 18.(2). 201 Charles St, Providence, ri 02940-2213: Amer Mathematical Soc, 1971.
III. Assad N.A., : ‘On a fixed point theorem of Kannan in Banach spaces’. Tamkang J. Math. Vol.7, pp. 91-94, 1976.
IV. Assad Nadim, and William Kirk. : ‘Fixed point theorems for set-valued mappings of contractive type’. Pacific Journal of Mathematics. Vol.43(3), pp. 553-562, 1972. 10.2140/pjm.1972.43.553
V. Berinde Vasile, and Madalina Pacurar. : ‘Fixed point theorems for nonself single-valued almost contractions’. Fixed Point Theory. Vol. 14(2), pp. 301-312, 2013. http://www.math.ubbcluj.ro/∼nodeacj/sfptcj.html.
VI. Chatterjea, S. K., : ‘Fixed point theorems’. C.R. Acad. Bulgare Sc. Vol. 25(18), pp. 727-730, 1972.
VII. Chang T. H., : ‘Common fixed point theorems for multi-valued mappings’. Math. Japon. Vol. 41, pp. 311-320, 1995.
VIII. Chouhan Sarla, and Bhumi Desai. : ‘Fixed-Point Theory and Its Some Real-Life Applications’. Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 16, pp. 119-125, 2022. 10.9734/bpi/rhmcs/v1/3160C
IX. Ćirić L., & Ume J., : ‘Some common fixed point theorems for weakly compatible mappings’. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. Vol. 314(2), pp. 488-499, 2006. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.04.007
X. Fallahi Kamal, and Aris Aghanians. : ‘Fixed points for Chatterjea contractions on a metric space with a graph’. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications. Vol. 7(2) pp. 49-58, 2016. 10.22075/ijnaa.2016.449
XI. Gairola U. C., and Ram Krishan. : ‘A Fixed Point Theorem for Generalized-Weak Hybrid Contraction’. Jñ–an–abha. (2017): 107.https://www.vijnanaparishadofindia.org/jnanabha
XII. Gautam Pragati et al., : ‘On Nonunique Fixed Point Theorems via Interpolative Chatterjea Type Suzuki Contraction in Quasi‐Partial b‐Metric Space’. Journal of Mathematics. 2022.1 (2022): 2347294.
XIII. Hadzic O. and Gajic Lj. : ‘Coincidence points for set-valued mappings in convex metric spaces’. Fac. Ser. Mat. Vol. 16(1) pp. 13, 1986.
XIV. Imdad M., and S. Kumar. : ‘Rhoades-type fixed-point theorems for a pair of nonself mappings’. Computers & Mathematics with Applications. Vol. 46(5-6), pp. 919-927, 2003.10.1016/S0898-1221(03)90153-2
XV. Itoh, S., : ‘Multivalued generalized contractions and fixed point theorems’. Comm. Math. Univ. Caroline. Vol. 18(2), pp. 247-258, 1977. http://dml.cz/dmlcz/105770
XVI. Khan M. S., : ‘Common fixed point theorems for multivalued mappings’. Pacific J. Math. Vol. 95(2), pp. 337-347, 1981.
XVII. Khan Ladlay. : ‘Non-Self Mappings and their Fixed Points in Convex Metric Spaces’. Diss. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. India, 2002. 10.1515/gmj.2000.523
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XIX. Klim D., and D. Wardowski. : ‘Fixed point theorems for set-valued contractions in complete metric spaces’. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. Vol. 334(1), pp. 132-139, 2007.10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.12.012
XX. Kumar Santosh, and David Aron. : ‘Common fixed-point theorems for non-linear non-self contractive mappings in convex metric spaces’. Topological Algebra and its Applications. Vol. 11(1), 20220122, 2023. 10.1515/taa-2022-0122.
XXI. Masmali Ibtisam, and Saleh Omran. : ‘Chatterjea and Ciri C-Type Fixed-Point Theorems Using (α− ψ) Contraction on C*-Algebra-Valued MetriSpace’. Mathematics. Vol. 10(9), pp. 615, 2022.10.3390/math10091615
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XXIV. Özavşar Muttalip. : ‘Fixed Point Theorems for $(k, l) $-Almost Contractions in Cone Metric Spaces over Banach Algebras’. Mathematical Advances in Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 1(1), pp. 46-51, 2018. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mapas/issue/37031/366581#article_cite
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XXVII. Park S. A., : ‘Unified Fixed Point Theory in Generalized Convex Spaces’. Acta Math Sinica. Vol. 23, pp. 1509–1526, 2007. 10.1007/s10114-007-0947-3
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XXX. Shukla Satish, and Rosana Rodríguez-López. : ‘Fixed points of multi-valued relation-theoretic contractions in metric spaces and application’. Quaestiones Mathematicae. Vol. 43(3), pp. 409-424, 2020. 10.2989/16073606.2019.1578293
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multivalued mappings’. Mathematica japonicae. Vol. 41(2), pp. 311-320, 1995.
https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573105974540679808

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Abstract:

In this paper, an approach is developed to account for the effect of discrete cracks on the response of reinforced concrete building frames under a column failure scenario. The approach implies the introduction of traditional finite element models of discrete ties that take into account the relationship between moments and rotations, considering the specifics of the performance of materials, sections, and structures under conditions of redistribution of forces as a result of initial local failure in the structural system of a building. Validation of the proposed approach is performed on the experimental data. Also, it is compared with the modeling results of the existing approaches. The effect of discrete cracking on the deformed state of reinforced concrete building frames under the scenario of column failure is established. The discrete cracks practically did not affect the values of axial forces in the elements. However, for bending moments within the proposed method, a decrease was observed in comparison with the traditional approach. The analysis of the diagrams shows that for reinforced concrete frames with 3 and 5 stories, there is an excess of tensile axial forces in the beam over the values according to the traditional calculation method.

Keywords:

Crack,Failure,Frame,Finite Element Method,Modelling,Moment,Reinforced Concrete,Rotation,

Refference:

I. Adam, J. M., Parisi, F., Sagaseta, J., Lu, X., : ‘Research and practice on progressive collapse and robustness of building structures in the 21st century’. Engineering Structures. Vol. 173, pp. 122-149, 2018. 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.082.
II. Adam J.M., Buitrago M., Bertolesi E., Sagaseta J., Moragues J. J., : ‘Dynamic performance of a real-scale reinforced concrete building test under a corner-column failure scenario’. Engineering Structures. Vol. 210, pp. 1-14, 2020.
III. Alanani, M., Ehab, M., Salem, H., : ‘Progressive Collapse Assessment of Precast Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Applied Element Method’. Case Studies in Construction Materials. Vol. 13, e00457, 2020. 10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00457.
IV. Almusallam, T., Al-Salloum, Y., Elsanadedy, H., Tuan, N., Mendis, P., Abbas, H., : ‘Development limitations of compressive arch and catenary actions in reinforced concrete special moment resisting frames under column-loss scenarios’. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. Vol. 16(12), pp. 1616-1634, 2020. 10.1080/15732479.2020.1719166.
V. Almazov V. O., Plotnikov A. I., : ‘Rastorguyev B.S. Problems of buildings resistance to progressive collapse’. Vestnik MGSU. Vol. 2(1), pp. 16–20, 2011.
VI. Belostotsky, A. M., & Pavlov, A. S., : ‘Long span buildings analysis under physical, geometric and structural nonlinearities consideration’. Int. J. Comput. Civ. Struct. Eng. Vol. 6(1), pp. 80, 2010.
VII. Bondarenko V.M., Kolchunov V.I., : ‘Calculation models evaluating reinforced concrete force resistance’. Moscow: Publishing ASV. 2004.
VIII. Caredda, G., Makoond, N., Buitrago, M., Sagaseta, J., Chryssanthopoulos, M., & Adam, J. M., : ‘Learning from the progressive collapse of buildings’. Developments in the built environment. Vol. 15, pp. 100194, 2023. 10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100194.
IX. Geniyev G. A., : ‘Dynamic effects in rod systems made of physical non-linear brittle materials’. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. Vol. 9, pp. 23–24, 1999.
X. Grunwald, C., Khalil, A. A., Schaufelberger, B., Ricciardi, E.M., Pellecchia, C., De Iuliis, E., Riedel, W., : ‘Reliability of Collapse Simulation – Comparing Finite and Applied Element Method at Different Levels’. Eng Struct. Vol. 176, pp. 265–278, 2018. 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.068.
XI. Kaklauskas, G., Sokolov, A., Sakalauskas, K., : ‘Strain Compliance Crack Model for RC Beams: Primary versus Secondary Cracks’. Engineering Structures. Vol. 281, pp. 115770, 2023. 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115770.
XII. Kodysh E.N., Mamin A.N., : ‘Discrete-connection model for determining the stress-strain state of plane structures. News of higher educational institutions’. Construction. Vol. 540(12), pp.13–20, 2003.
XIII. Kokot, S., Solomos, G., : ‘Progressive collapse risk analysis: literature survey, relevant construction standards and guidelines’. Ispra: Joint Research Centre, European Commission. 2012.
XIV. Kolchunov, V. I., Dem’yanov, A. I., : ‘The Modeling Method of Discrete Cracks in Reinforced Concrete under the Torsion with Bending’. Magazine of Civil Engineering. Vol. 81, pp. 160–173, 2018. 10.18720/MCE.81.16.
XV. Kolchunov, V. I., Dem’Yanov, A. I., ‘The modeling method of discrete cracks and rigidity in reinforced concrete’. Magazine of Civil Engineering. Vol. 4 (88), pp. 60-69, 2019. 10.18720/MCE.81.16.
XVI. Mkrtychev, O.V., : ‘Развитие Прямых Нелинейных Динамических Методов Расчета На Сейсмические Воздействия’. Промышленное и гражданское строительство. Pp. 12–16, 2022.
XVII. Niki, V., Erkmen, R. E., : ‘Shear Deformable Hybrid Finite Element Formulation for Buckling Analysis of Composite Columns’. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 45, pp. 279–288, 2018. 10.1139/cjce-2017-0159.
XVIII. Pearson, C., Delatte, N., : ‘Ronan point apartment tower collapse and its effect on building codes’. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. Vol. 19(2), pp. 172-177, 2005, 10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2005)19:2(172).
XIX. Savin S. Y., Fedorova N.V., Kolchunov V. I., : ‘Dynamic forces in the eccentrically compressed members of reinforced concrete frames under accidental impacts’. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. Vol. 18(4), pp. 111–123, 2022.
XX. Savin, S., Kolchunov, V., Fedorova, N., Tuyen Vu, N., : ‘Experimental and Numerical Investigations of RC Frame Stability Failure under a Corner Column Removal Scenario’. Buildings. Vol. 13, pp. 908, 2023. 10.3390/buildings13040908.
XXI. SP 20.13330. Loads and actions. Revised version of SNiP 2.01.07-85. Standardinform, Moscow, Russia, 2016.
XXII. SP 385.1325800. Protection of buildings and structures against progressive collapse. Design code. Basic statements. Standardinform, Moscow, Russia, 2018.
XXIII. SP 63.13330. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. General provisions. SNiP 52-01-2003. Standardinform, Moscow, Russia, 2018.
XXIV. Tagel-Din H., Rahman N.A., : ‘Simulation of the Alfred P. Murrah federal building collapse due to blast loads’. Building Integration Solutions. Vol. 32, pp. 1-15, 2006. 10.1061/40798(190)32.
XXV. Tagel-Din, H., Meguro, K., : ‘Nonlinear simulation of RC structures using applied element method’. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu. Vol. 654, 13-24, 2000. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00457.
XXVI. Yu, J., Tan, K.H., : ‘Analytical Model for the Capacity of Compressive Arch Action of Reinforced Concrete Sub-Assemblages’. Magazine of Concrete Research. Vol. 66, pp. 109–126, 2014. 10.1680/macr.13.00217.

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Abstract:

The flow of liquids is essential to our understanding of the world. Traditionally, this is done by studying the flow of liquids using wind tunnels in the model. However, the field of computer fluid dynamics has been born over the past century. A program that can model fluid flow is CFD software. Gambit 2.4.6 created a three-dimensional geometry of four reaction blades with a square cascade and studied the secondary losses using FLUENT 6.2. The air is chosen as a working material. Air passes through the turbine cascade at a maximum input speed of 102 m/s. The cascade opens to the atmosphere when exiting. Firstly, the two surfaces of the blade cascade have been smoothed and the secondary losses analyzed. This total flow loss was compared with a roughness applied individually to the suction and pressure surfaces of 250 microns, 750 microns, and 1000 microns in thickness and examined the effect of the thickness on flow loss.

Keywords:

Blade surface,Effect of roughness,End loss phenomena,Loss Coefficient,Turbine steam path,

Refference:

I. A. A. Adeniyi, A. Mohammed and S. O. Emmanuel. : ‘CFD Modelling of Wakes on Cascade Compressor Blades’. International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology. Vol. 4(2), pp. 60-67, 2012.
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III. A. K. Saha and S. Acharya. : ‘Computations of turbulent flow and heat transfer through a three-dimensional nonaxisymmetric blade passage’. ASME Journal of Turbo-machinery. Vol. 130(3), pp. 1008-1018, 2008. 10.1115/1.2776952
IV. ANSYS Fluent Meshing User’s Guide. (2015).
V. A. Peyvan, and A. H. Benisi. : ‘Axial-Flow Compressor Performance Prediction in Design and Off-Design Conditions through 1-D and 3-D Modeling and Experimental Study’. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics. Vol. 9(5), pp. 2149-2160, 2016. 10.18869/acadpub.jafm.68.236.25222
VI. D. Baumgärtner, J. J. Otter and A. P Wheeler. : ‘The effect of isentropic exponent on transonic turbine performance’. Journal of Turbomachinery. Vol. 142(8), pp. 81-87, 2020. 10.1115/1.4046528
VII. FLUENT, 2005. FLUENT 6.2 Users Guide. Lebanon, USA.
VIII. H. R. Singh and S. R. Kale. : ‘A numerical study of the effect of roughness on the turbine blade cascade performance’. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics. Vol. 8(7), pp. 439-46, 2008. 10.1504/PCFD.2008.021320
IX. J. Li, J. Teng, M. Ferlauto, M. Zhu and X. Qiang. : ‘An improved stall prediction model for axial compressor stage based on diffuser analogy’. Aerospace Science and Technology. Vol. 127, 2022. 10.1016/j.ast.2022.107692
X. J. Y. Moon and K. S. Yong. : ‘Counter-rotating stream-wise vortex formation in the turbine cascade with end wall fencing’. Int. J. Computers and Fluids. Vol. 30(4), pp. 473-490, 2001. 10.1016/S0045-7930(00)00026-8
XI. M. J. Brear, H. P. Hodson, P. Gonzalez and N. W. Harvey. : ‘Pressure surface separations in low-pressure turbines—Part 2: Interactions with the secondary flow’. Int. J. Turbomach. Vol.124(3), pp. 402-409, 2002. 10.1115/1.1450765
XII. M. Majcher, M. Frant and R. Kieszek. : ‘Preliminary Numerical Study of a Rectilinear Blade Cascade Flow for a Determination of Aerodynamic Characteristics. International Review of Aerospace Engineering (I.RE.AS.E), Vol. 16(4), pp. 143-151, 2023. 10.15866/irease.v16i4.24065
XIII. M. Mesbah., V. G. Gribin and K. Souri. : ‘Investigation of the effects of main geometric parameters and flow characteristics on secondary flow losses in a turbine cascade’. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 3, pp. 21-31, 2021. 10.1088/1742-6596/2131/3/032081
XIV. M. N. Goodhand. : ‘Laminar flow compressor blades’. 9th Osborne Reynolds Colloquium and Research Student Award, Department of Aeronautics Imperial College London, 2011.
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Abstract:

This research paper explores the behavior analysis of a repairable 2-out-of-4 system utilizing an evolutionary algorithm approach. The 2-out-of-4 system configuration is a critical setup widely employed in various engineering applications, necessitating thorough understanding and optimization for reliability and performance enhancement. By integrating evolutionary algorithms with system analysis, this paper aims to optimize system parameters, such as redundancy allocation and maintenance scheduling, to improve reliability and availability. The proposed methodology offers a novel approach to address the challenges associated with the complex behavior of repairable 2-out-of-4 systems, providing insights for system designers and engineers.

Keywords:

Behavior Analysis,Evolutionary Algorithm,Maintenance Scheduling Reliability Optimization,Repairable 2-out-of-4system,

Refference:

I. Kumar A., : ‘Reliability And Sensitivity Analysis Of Linear Consecutiv2-Out-Of-4: F System’. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. Vol. 7(7), pp. 3791-3804, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349179413_Reliability_And_Sensitivity_Analysis_Of_Linear_Consecutive_2-Out-Of-4_F_System
II. Kumar A., Garg D., Goel P., : ‘Mathematical Modelling and Behavioural Analysis of a Washing Unit in Paper Mill’. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Vol.10, pp: 1639-1645, 2019. 10.1007/s13198-019-00916-4
III. Kumari S., Khurana P., Singla S., : ‘Behaviour and profit analysis of a thresher plant under steady state’. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management. Vol. 13, pp: 166-171, 2022. 10.1007/s13198-021-01183-y
IV. Kumari S., Singla S., Khurana P., : ‘Partical swarm optimization for constrained cost reliability of rubber plant Life Cycle’. Reliability and Safety Engineering. Vol.11(3), pp: 273-277, 2022. 10.1007/s41872-022-00199-y
V. Malik S., Verma S., Gupta A., Sharma G., Singla S., : ‘Performability evaluation, validation and optimization for the steam generation system of a coal-fired thermal power plant’. Methods X, Vol. 9, 101852, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101852
VI. Naithani A., Parashar B., Bhatia P. K., Taneja G., : ‘Cost benefit analysis of a 2-out-of-3 induced draft fans system with priority for operation to cold standby over working at reduced capacity’. Advanced Modelling and Optimization. Vol. 15(2), pp: 499-509, 2013. https://camo.ici.ro/journal/vol15/v15b23.pdf
VII. Singla. S., Dhawan. P., : ‘Mathematical analysis of regenerative point graphical technique (RPGT)’. Mathematical Analysis and its Contemporary Applications. Vol.4(4), pp:49-56, 2022. 10.30495/maca.2022.1964808.1062
VIII. Singla. S., Mangla. D., Panwar. P., Taj. S. Z .,: ‘Reliability optimization of a degraded system preventive maintenance using Genetic algorithm’. Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematics Science. Vol.19(1), pp. 1-14, 2024. 10.26782/jmcms.2024.01.00001
IX. Singla. S., Rani. S., Modibbo. M. U., Ali. I., : ‘Optimization of system parameters of 2:3 Good serial system using deep learing’. Reliability Theory and Application. Vol. 18(4), pp. 670-679, 2023. 10.24412/1932-2321-2023-476-670-679
X. Singla. S., Rani. S., : ‘Performance optimization of 3:4: Good system’. International Conference on Intelligent Control and Instrumentation IEEE 979-8-3503-4383.

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