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Abstract:

 Fraudulent credit card transactions must be when customers are charged for items that they did not purchase. Such problems can be tackled with Data Science and its importance, along with Machine Learning, cannot be overstated. This project intends to illustrate the modelling of a data set using machine learning with  Identifying Fraud in Online Transactions. The Identifying Fraud in Online Transactions problem includes modelling past credit card transactions with the data of the ones that turned out to be a fraud. This model is then used to recognize whether a new transaction is fraudulent or not. Our objective here is to detect 99.99% of the fraudulent transactions while minimizing the incorrect fraud classifications. Identifying Fraud in Online Transactions is a typical sample of classification. In this process, we have focused on analyzing and pre-processing  data sets by using a Random Forest Algorithm.

Keywords:

Frauds Classification,Online Transactions,credit card transactions,

Refference:

I. A. A. Taha and S. J. Malebary, : “An Intelligent Approach to Credit Card Fraud Detection Using an Optimized Light Gradient Boosting Machine”, IEEE Access, 8, 25579–25587, 2020.
II. D. Varmedja, M. Karanovic, S. Sladojevic, M. Arsenovic and A. Anderla, : “Credit Card Fraud Detection – Machine Learning methods”, 18th International Symposium INFOTEH-JAHORINA (INFOTEH), East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1–5, 2019.
III. J. I-Z. Chen, K.-L. Lai, : “Deep Convolution Neural Network Model for Credit-Card Fraud Detection and Alert”, Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Capsule Networks, 03(02), 101–112, 2021.
IV. Mehria Nawaz, Twinkle Agarwal, Dilip Kumar Gayen. : : ‘ONLINE SKILL TEST PLATFORM’. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-17, No.-11, November (2022) pp 46-53. 10.26782/jmcms.2022.11.00003
V. R. B. Sulaiman, V. Schetinin, P. Sant, : “Review of Machine Learning Approach on Credit Card Fraud Detection”, Human-Centric Intelligent Systems. volume 2, 55–68, 2022.
VI. Q. Han, C. Gui, J. Xu, G. Lacidogna, : “A generalized method to predict the compressive strength of high-performance concrete by improved random forest algorithm”, Construction and Building Materials. 226, 734-742, 2019.
VII. Y. Chen, W. Zheng, W. Li, Y. Huang, : “Large group activity security risk assessment and risk early warning based on random forest algorithm”. Pattern Recognition Letters, 144, 1–5, 2021.

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Abstract:

The survival rate of Penaeus monodon was monitored for a decade (2010-2019) in two shrimp culture ponds at Chemaguri located at Sagar Island in the Indian Sundarbans delta complex. The two ponds exhibited significant variations in terms of the survival rate of the cultured species, which is attributed to variations in nitrate, phosphate, and dissolved oxygen. The root cause of such difference is related to variation in stocking density of the cultured species (10 PL₂₀/m² in pond 1 and 25 PL₂₀/m² in pond 2) which resulted in the generation of nutrients (except silicate) and alteration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Optimization of stocking density and introduction of a biotreatment pond may restore and ecologically balance the situation in the shrimp culture sector of the Sundarban region.

Keywords:

Penaeus monodon,Indian Sundarbans,survival rate,dissolved oxygen,dissolved nutrients,shrimp culture,

Refference:

I. Anh, P.T., Kroeze, C., Bush, S.R., Mol, A.P.J., : “Water pollution by intensive brackish shrimp farming in south-east Vietnam: Causes and options for control”. Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 97, No. 6, 872-882, 2010.
II. https://www.doctorshrimp.com/topics_uri/india-is-black-really-going-to-be-back/
III. https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal

IV. Mitra, A., : “Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Environmental Health : Exploring the Situation of the Lower Gangetic Delta”. Springer eBook. ISBN 978-3-031-27242-4, XIII, pp.310, 2023. 10.1007/978-3-031-27242-4

V. Mitra, A., : “Mangrove Forests in India: Exploring Ecosystem Services”. Springer, e-Book ISBN 978-3-030-20595-9 XV, pp. 361, 2020. 10.1007/978-3-030-20595-9

VI. Mitra, A., : “Sensitivity of mangrove ecosystem to changing climate”. Springer, New Delhi, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London. ISBN-10: 8132215087; ISBN-13. 2013. 97810.1007/978-81-322-1509-7

VII. Mitra, A., : “Status of coastal pollution in West Bengal with special reference to heavy metals”. Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 135-138, 1998.

VIII. Mitra, A., Banerjee, K., Chakraborty, R., Banerjee, A., Mehta, N., Berg, H., : “Study on the water quality of the shrimp culture ponds in Indian Sundarbans”. Indian Science Cruiser, Vol. 20, No. 1, 34-43, 2006.

IX. Mitra, A., Bhattacharyya, D.P., : “Environmental issues of shrimp farming in mangrove ecosystem”. Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, 120-129, 2003.

X. Mitra, A., Zaman, S., : “Estuarine Acidification: Exploring the Situation of Mangrove Dominated Indian Sundarban Estuaries”. Springer eBook. ISBN 978-3-030-84792-0, XII, pp.402, 2021. 10.1007/978-3-030-84792-0

XI. Mitra, A., Zaman, S., Pramanick, P., : “Blue Economy in Indian Sundarbans: ExploringLivelihood Opportunities”. Springer . ISBN 978-3-031-07908-5 (e-Book), XIV, pp. 403, 2022. 10.1007/978-3-031-07908-5

XII. Mitra, A., Zaman, S.,Pramanick, P., : “Climate Resilient Innovative Livelihoods in Indian Sundarban Delta: Scopes and Challenges”. Springer, 2023 (In press).

XIII. M. N. Sarker, Shampa Mitra, Prosenjit Pramanick, Sufia Zaman, Abhijit Mitra, : “MANGROVE ASSOCIATE BASED SHRIMP FEED: AN INNOVATION IN THE AQUACULTURE SECTOR”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-16, No.-11, November (2021) pp 43-61. 10.26782/jmcms.2021.11.00005

XIV. Strickland, J.D.H., Parsons, T. R., : “A practical handbook of seawater analysis. 2nd (Ed.)”. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 167, 1-310, 1972.

XV. Winkler, L.W., : “Die Bestimmung des in Wasser gelöstenSauerstoffen, Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft”. 21, 2843-2855, 1998.

XVI. Yang, W., Zheng, C., Zheng, Z., Wei, Y., Lu, K., Zhu, J. : “Nutrient enrichment during shrimp cultivation alters bacterioplankton assemblies and destroys community stability”. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 30, No. 156, 366-374, 2018. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.043.

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Abstract:

A particular branch of mathematics is coordinate geometry where geometry is studied with the help of algebra. According to the new concept of three types of Rectangular Bhattacharyya’s coordinate systems, plane coordinate geometry consists of four axes. In type – I, Rectangular Bhattacharyya’s coordinate system, the four axes are all neutral straight lines having no direction; in the type – II coordinate system the four axes are all count up straight lines and, in the type – III coordinate system all the axes are countdown straight lines. The author has considered all four axes to be positive in type II and type III coordinate systems. Ultimately, the author has established relations among the three types of coordinate systems and used the extended form of Pythagoras Theorem to prove √(- 1)= -1. In this paper, algebra is studied with the help of geometry. The equation, x² + 1 = 0, means x² = – 1 and therefore, the value of √(- 1)= -1, has been proved by the author with the help of geometry by using the new concept of the three types of coordinate systems without using the concept of the imaginary axis. Also, the author has given an alternative method of proof of √(- 1)= -1 algebraically by using the concept of the theory of dynamics numbers. The square root of any negative number can be determined in a similar way. This is the basic significance of that paper. This significance can be widely used in Mathematics, Science, and Technology and also, in Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Crypto-system

Keywords:

Cartesian Coordinate System,Dynamics of Numbers,Extended form of Pythagoras Theorem,Imaginary Number,Quadratic Equation,Three Types of Rectangular Bhattacharyya’s coordinate systems,

Refference:

I. Ahmad Raza, : “Research Work of Mathematics in Algebra. New Inventory Work in Quadratic Equation (P.E. Degree 2), Cubic Equation (P.E. Degree 3) & Reducible Equation General Term”. European Journal of Mathematics and Statistics. pp. 310-315. Vol 4, Issue 1, January 2023. 10.24018/ejmath.2023.4.1.159
II. Ashwannie Harripersaud, : “The Quadratic Equation Concept”. American Journal of Mathematics and Statistics. 2021; 11(3): 67-71. 10.5923/j.ajms.20211103.03
III. B. B. Dutta, (1929). : “The Bhakshali Mathematics”. Calcutta, West Bengal: Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society.
IV. B. B. Datta, & A. N. Singh, (1938). : “History of Hindu Mathematics, A source book”. Mumbai, Maharashtra: Asia Publishing House.
V. Gandz, S. (1937). : “The origin and development of the quadratic equations in Babylonian, Greek, and Early Arabic algebra”. History of Science Society, 3, 405-557.
VI. H. Lee Price, Frank R. Bernhart, : “Pythagorean Triples and a New Pythagorean Theorem”. arXiv:math/0701554 [math.HO]. 10.48550/arXiv.math/0701554
VII. Katz, V., J. (1998). : “A history of mathematics (2nd edition)”. pp. 226-227. Harlow, England: Addison Wesley Longman Inc.
VIII. L. Nurul , H., D., (2017). : “Five New Ways to Prove a Pythagorean Theorem”. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science. Volume 4, issue 7, pp.132-137. 10.22161/ijaers.4.7.21
IX. M. Janani et al, : “Multivariate Crypto System Based on a Quadratic Equation to Eliminate in Outliers using Homomorphic Encryption Scheme”. Homomorphic Encryption for Financial Cryptography. pp 277–302. 01 August 2023. Springer.
X. M. Sandoval-Hernandez et al, : “The Quadratic Equation and its Numerical Roots”. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). Vol. 10 Issue 06, June-2021 pp. 301-305. 10.17577/IJERTV10IS060100
XI. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya, : “AN INTRODUCTION TO RECTANGULAR BHATTACHARYYA’S CO-ORDINATES: A NEW CONCEPT”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-16, No.-11, November (2021). pp 76-86. 10.26782/jmcms.2021.11.00008
XII. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya, : “AN INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF DYNAMICS OF NUMBERS: A NEW CONCEPT”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-17, No.-1, January (2022). pp 37-53. 10.26782/jmcms.2022.01.00003
XIII. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya, : ‘A NOVEL CONCEPT IN THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATION’. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-17, No.-3, March (2022) pp 41-63. 10.26782/jmcms.2022.03.00006
XIV. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya. : “A NOVEL METHOD TO FIND THE EQUATION OF CIRCLES”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-17, No.-6, June (2022). pp 31-56. 10.26782/jmcms.2022.06.00004
XV. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya, : “AN OPENING OF A NEW HORIZON IN THE THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATION: PURE AND PSEUDO QUADRATIC EQUATION – A NEW CONCEPT”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-17, No.-11, November (2022). pp 1-25. 10.26782/jmcms.2022.11.00001
XVI. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya, : “A NOVEL CONCEPT FOR FINDING THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS BETWEEN STREAM FUNCTION AND VELOCITY POTENTIAL IN REAL NUMBERS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLUID MOTIONS”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-18, No.-02, February (2023) pp 1-19. 10.26782/jmcms.2023.02.00001
XVII. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya, : “A NEW CONCEPT OF THE EXTENDED FORM OF PYTHAGORAS THEOREM”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-18, No.-04, April (2023) pp 46-56. 10.26782/jmcms.2023.04.00004
XVIII. Salman Mahmud, : “14 New Methods to Prove the Pythagorean Theorem by using Similar Triangles”. International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Mathematical Research (IJSIMR). vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 22-28, 2020. 10.20431/2347-3142.0802003
XIX. S. Mahmud, (2019). : “Calculating the area of the Trapezium by Using the Length of the Non Parallel Sides: A New Formula for Calculating the area of Trapezium”. International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Mathematical Research. volume 7, issue 4, pp. 25-27. 10.20431/2347- 3142.0704004
XX. Smith, D. (1953). : “History of mathematics”, Vol. 2. Pp. 293. New York: Dover
XXI. Smith, D. (1953). : “History of mathematics”, Vol. 2. pp. 443. New York: Dover.
XXII. T. A. Sarasvati Amma, : “Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India”. Pp. – 17. Motilal Banarasidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
XXIII. T. A. Sarasvati Amma, : “Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India”. pp. – 219. Motilal Banarasidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
XXIV. Thapar, R., (2000). : “Cultural pasts: Essays in early Indian History”, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

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