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Abstract:

Digital image processing and enhancement is one of the most important and frequently used issues in many fields of image processing. When handling images or sending them over a particular channel, they are subject to certain noise and require filtering methods. In this paper, the parametric confidence interval algorithm was compared to the nonparametric confidence interval algorithm for processing the noisy images. The results showed that a nonparametric confidence interval algorithm is better at defining the external parameters of an image in terms of noise elimination and enhancement landmarks.

Keywords:

Image processing,image pre-processing,Image,Noise,parametric confidence interval,nonparametric confidence interval,

Refference:

I. Buenestado, Pablo Iand Acho, Leonardo,(2018). : “Image Segmentation Based on Statistical Confidence Intervals.” Journals Entropy. Vol. 20, Number 46, Issue 1.
II. Carlo V. Fiorio,(2004), : “Confidence intervals for kernel density estimation.” The Stata Journal. vol. 4, Number 2, pp. 168–179.
III. Hmood, Munaf Yousif ,(2011), : “Estimate The Nonparametric Regression Function Using Canonical kernel.” Journal of economics and administrative sciences, Vol. 17, Issue 61, pp.212-225.
IV. Jaber, Asmaa Ghalib, Eesa, Aseel Muslim & Bushra Saad Jasim, (2021), : “Image Segmentation by Using Thresholding Technique in Two Stages.” Periodicals of engineering and natural sciences. Issa 2303-4521, Volume 9, Number 4 pp531-541 .

V. J. Verne, Image Pre-Processing.

VI. Li, Thing,(2012), : “Contributions to Mean Shift filtering and segmentation : Application to MRI ischemic data.”

VII. Prabhishek Singh & Raj Shree,( 2016), : “Speckle Noise: Modelling and Implementation.” International Science Press. 9 (17), pp. 8717-8727.

VIII. RafaelC.Gonzalez.,Woods, R.E.,(2002), “Digital Image Processing.” 2nd edition , Publisher Prentic Hal, New jersey.

IX. S. Rajeshwari& T. Sree Sharmila,(2013), : “Efficient quality analysis of MRI image using preprocessing techniques.”

X. Umbaugh Cott E., (1998), : “Computer Vision and Image Processing Practical Approach using CVIP tools.” Practice Hall PTR.

XI. Wasserman, Larry, : “All of Nonparametric Statistics.”

XII. Yen-Chi Chen,(2017), : “Tutorial on Kernel Density Estimation and Recent Advances.” Biostatistics & Epidemiology. Volume 1, Issue 1, pp.161-187.

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Abstract:

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. In 2018, an estimated 570,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer worldwide and about 311,000 women died from the disease. It is the most common genital cancer among women in India. Pap smear is very useful in detecting abnormal cells and colposcopy locates the abnormal lesion when pap smear is abnormal. The objective of the study is to evaluate the women coming to the Gynaecology Outpatient Department undergoing pap smear and follow-up of abnormal smear using colposcopy. 103 women in the age group of 26-75(50.29+2.56) years who attended the gynecology outpatient department (GOPD)at a tertiary care teaching hospital in central Kerala with various clinical symptoms were screened by pap smear testing over two weeks. The smear was obtained using an Ayre spatula and it was spread over a glass slide which was placed in 95% ethyl alcohol in a coplin Jar. It was then sent to the department of pathology for cytopathological examination followed up using colposcopy and biopsy was done in the cases with abnormal colposcopy. Among these women,46.6 percentage have a normal pap smear 47.6% have an abnormal smear, and 5. 8 % have an atrophic smear. Among abnormal smear 4.8% are ASCUS, 1.9% LSIL, 0.97% SCC, 0.97% high-grade adenocarcinoma, and 37.86% inflammatory smears. As per International guidelines, women with abnormal pap smear tests should undergo colposcopy and those with abnormal colposcopy findings should undergo biopsy. Awareness about cancer should be increased and women should be motivated to undergo screening.

Keywords:

Carcinoma cervix,Colposcopy biopsy,Cytopathological examination Evaluation,Pap Smear,

Refference:

I. Ashok Verma, Suresh Verma, Shivani Vashest, Sumit Altri, Amrita Singhal, : “A study on cervical cancer screening in symptomatic women using paps smear in a tertiary care hospital in rural area of Himachal Pradesh, India.” Middle East fertility Society Journal. (2017) 22, 39-42
II. Bijoy Sree Sen Gupta, Sisir K Chattopadhyay, Thankam P Varma. : “Gynaecology for post graduate and practioners.” Second edition. Chapter 47 p.no.634-35
III. Howkins and Bourne Shaw’s textbook of Gynaecology,17th edition.
IV. Integrating HPV testing in cervical screening programs, Pan American health organization.https://wnow.paho.org
V. Mayank Singh, Ravi Prakash Jha, Deepak Dhamnetiya, : “Secular trends in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in India and its States,1990-2019: data from the global burden of disease 2019 study.” 7th Feb 2022 BMC cancer 22, article number: 149( 2022)
VI. Meenakshi Venkatesh, Usha Devi Gopalan, : “A comparative study of pap smear and colposcopy guided biopsy in the evaluation of unhealthy cervix.” International journal of reproduction, volume 9, No. 6(2020) June 2020.https://doi.org/10.18203/23201770.ijrcog20202301
VII. Nayar,: “The Bethesda System for reporting cervical cytology.” 3rd edition,2015
VIII. Paul Uchizi Kasika, Alfred Kajira et al, : “Histopathological profile of cervical biopsies in Northern Malawi: retrospective cross sectional study BMJ”, Google scholar vol12, issue 3
IX. Poil U R, Bidinger P D, : “Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA)screening program: 7 years experience in early detection of cervical cancer and precancers in rural South India.” Indian J community medicine 2015; 40(3): 203
X. Priyanka Poonam. Role of pap smear in detection of pre cancerous lesions of cervix -a case study, IAIM, 2019; 6(2)44-47
XI Push Lata Sachan, Meenakshi Singh, Rekha Sachan, : “A study on screening using pap smear test and clinical correlation”. Asia Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.Vol.5, Issue 3, P337-41, July 2018. https://ncbi.nlm.nik.gov
XII. Reaching 2020 Cervical cancer elimination targets. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int >…> detail
XIII. Saslow P, Solomon P, Lawson H W, Killackey M, Kulasingam S L, Cain J, et al., : American Cancer society, American society for colposcopy and cervical pathology and American society for clinical pathology
XIV. Screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer – CA cancer J cin 2012;62:147-72 (pubmed) (Google scholar)
XV. Singh P., Ilancheran A. : “The ‘pap’ or cervical smear and the role of colposcopy in screening for carcinoma of cervix.” : Singapore Med J. 1989 June; 30 (3) : 302-5
XVI. Syeda Rumman Aktar Siddiqui, M Ariful Islam, M Zillur Rahman, : “Diagnosis of cervical lesion by colposcopy, VIA, pap smear test and their correlation with histopathology in a tertiary level laboratory in chattogram”. Bangladesh international Journal of research in medicine Vol .11, No. 3( 2023 ) March 2023
XVII. Yasamin Hamza Sharif, : “Clinical correlation of cc screening using Pap Smear test.” Journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology. vol 29, number 01 (2022) JPTCP

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Abstract:

In the present numerical study, steady, laminar, two-dimensional flow in a porous medium saturated by nanofluid along an isothermal vertical plate is covered. Here we have considered a realistic situation where the nanoparticle volume fraction at the plate surface (boundary condition) is passively controlled by assuming that its flux there is zero. We make use of the Buongiorno model that treats the nanofluid as a two-component mixture, incorporating the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The Darcy model is employed for the porous medium. By suitable similarity variables, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations of flow are altered to a bunch of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. They have been transformed into a first-order system afterward and then integrated using Newton Raphson and adaptive Runge-Kutta methods. The computer codes are produced for this mathematical investigation in a Matlab environment. To accurately predict major parameters (reduced Nusselt number, Nur, Thermophoresis parameter, Nt Brownian motion parameter, Nb and buoyancy-ratio parameter, Nr), an artificial neural network (ANN) is developed, trained, and tested by numerically simulated data. The dependence of the reduced Nusselt number on these parameters is represented through a linear regression correlation.

Keywords:

Artificial Neural Network,Brownian Motion,Isothermal Vertical Plate,Natural Convection,Nanofluid,Porous Medium,Thermophoresis.,

Refference:

I. A Mitra, : “Consequence of Modified Boundary Condition On Natural Convection in a Porous Medium Saturated by Nanofluid – A Computational Approach”, IOP Conf. Series: Earth Environ. Sci., 1-9, 785, 2021.
II. D. A. Nield and A. V. Kuznetsov, : “The Cheng-Minkowycz Problem for Natural Convective Boundary Layer Flow in a Porous Medium Saturated by a Nanofluid.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 52, pp. 5792–5795, 2009.
III. D. A. Nield and A. V. Kuznetsov, : “Thermal Instability in a Porous Medium Layer Saturated by a Nanofluid.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. vol. 52, pp. 5796–5801, 2009.
IV. J. A. Ujong, E. M. Mbadike, and G. U. Alaneme, : “Prediction of cost and duration of building construction using artificial neural network”, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering. 23, 1117–1139 (2022).
V. J. Buongiorno, : “Convective transport in nanofluids.” ASME J. Heat Transf. 128 (2006) 240–250.
VI. K.-T. Yang, : “Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs): A New Paradigm for Thermal Science and Engineering”, Journal of Heat Transfer. 130, 093001-1-19 (2008).
VII. M. H. Esfe, M. H. Kamyab and D. Toghraie, : “Statistical review of studies on the estimation of thermophysical properties of nanofluids using artificial neural network (ANN).” Powder Technology. 400, 117210 (2022).
VIII. P. Cheng, and W. J. Minkowycz, : “Free Convection about a Vertical Flat Plate Embedded in a Saturated Porous Medium with Applications to Heat Transfer from a Dike.” Journal of Geophysics Research. vol. 82, pp. 2040–2044, 1977. 7.
IX. P. Ranganathan and R. Viskanta, : “Mixed Convection Boundary Layer Flow along a Vertical Surface in a Porous Medium.” Numerical Heat Transfer. vol. 7, pp. 305–317, 1984.
X. R. S. R. Gorla and R. Tornabene, : “Free Convection from a Vertical Plate with Non-uniform Surface Heat Flux and Embedded in a Porous Medium.” Transport in Porous Media. vol. 3, pp. 95–106, 1988.
XI. R. S. R. Gorla and A. Zinolabedini, : “Free Convection from a Vertical Plate with Nonuniform Surface Temperature and Embedded in a Porous Medium, Transactions of ASME.” Journal of Energy Resources Technology. vol. 109, pp. 26–30, 1987.
XII. S. Choi, : “Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticle in: D. A. Siginer, H. P. Wang (Eds.), Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows.” ASME MD vol. 231 and FED. vol. 66, 1995, pp. 99–105.
XIII. V. Gholami and H. Sahour, : “Simulation of rainfall-runoff process using an artificial neural network (ANN) and field plots data”, Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 147, 87–98 (2022).
XIV. W. J. Minkowycz, P. Cheng, and C.H. Chang, : “Mixed Convection about a Nonisothermal Cylinder and Sphere in a Porous Medium.” Numerical Heat Transfer. vol. 8, pp. 349–359, 1985.

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