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Abstract:

The study of electrical characteristics of cells based on their biophysical properties, and their relevance with their status, has been a very useful non-invasive tool for disease diagnosis and treatment. A MEMS device is modelled and simulated for characterizing the electrical behavior of a type of breast cancer cells and colon cancer cells. The sample of highly invasive breast cancer cells (Hs 578T) was compared with the HT-29 colon cancer cells in the frequency range of 1 to 13 GHz. It is found that the rate of change of capacitance of the given colon cancer cells is less than that of the given highly metastatic breast cancer cells. This shows the difference in electrical characteristics of cells with different cell types and could be a basis for discriminating cell types and related metastasis.

Keywords:

MEMS,capacitance,breast cancer cells,colon cancer cells,

Refference:

I. Aidley D. J., Stanfield P. R., “Ions on the move”, in Ion Channels: Molecules in Action, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
II. Allison Timothy M. and Landreh Michael, Ion mobility in Structural Biology, Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol.83, 2019, pp.161-195.
III. Asami K., “Dielectric spectra of biological cells and tissues simulated by three-dimensional finite difference method”, ICEBI, IFMBE Proceedings book series, Springer, Vol.17, 2007, pp. 98-101.
IV. Bhura Dhiraj Kumar, “3D Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA) Biosensor For Detection Of Serum Biomarker, M.S. Thesis, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, USA, 2011.
V. Cone Clarence D., “Unified Theory on the Basic Mechanism of Normal Mitotic Control and Oncogenesis” in Transmembrane Potentials and Characteristics of Immune and Tumor Cells, 1st edition, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 1985.
VI. Cone C. D., “Variation of the transmembrane potential level as a basic mechanism of mitosis control”, Oncology, International Journal of Cancer research and treatment, Vol. 24, Issue 6, 1970, pp. 438-470.
VII. Cone C. D., “The role of surface electrical transmembrane potential in normal and malignant mitogenesis”, Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 238, pp. 420-435, 1974.
VIII. Cooper Geoffrey M., “Molecules and Membranes” & “The Plasma Membrane”, in The Cell: A Molecular Approach, Eighth edition, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, New York, Oxford University Press, 2019.
IX. Cope Freeman W., “A medical application of the Ling Association-Induction Hypothesis: The high potassium, low sodium diet of the Gerson cancer therapy”, Physiological Chemistry and Physics, Vol.10, No.5, 1978, pg. 465-468.
X. Cope Freeman W., “A medical application of the Ling Association-Induction Hypothesis: The high potassium, low sodium diet of the Gerson cancer therapy”, Physiological Chemistry and Physics, Vol.10, No.5, pp. 465-468, 1978.
XI. Cure J. C., “Cancer an electrical phenomenon”, Resonant, Vol.1, No.1, 1991.
XII. Dean D.A., Ramanathanb T., Machadoa D., Sundararajana R., “Electrical impedance spectroscopy study of biological tissues”, Journal of Electrostatics, Vol.66, 2008, pg 165-177.
XIII. Dorey A. Robert, “Microstructure- property relationships”, in Ceramic Thick films for MEMS and Microdevices, First edition , Elsevier, USA, 2011.
XIV. Duan Wei, “Cell impedance of cancer cells: towards novel diagnostic and therapeutic selection methods”, M. Phil thesis, School of life sciences, University of Sussex, England, January 2013.
XV. Grimnes Sverre and Martinsen Orjan, “Passive Tissue Electrical Properties”, Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics, 3rd edition, Academic Press, United States, 2014.
XVI. Guyton Arthur C. and Hall J.E., “Functional organization of Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment”, in Textbook of Medical Physiology, Twelfth Edition, Saunders, Elsevier, USA, 2011.
XVII. Huclova Sonja, “Modeling of Cell Suspensions and Biological Tissue for Computational Electromagnetics”, PhD Thesis in Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2011.
XVIII. Mousa Hussein, Falah Awwad, Dwija Jithin, Husain El Hasasna, Khawlah Athamneh & Rabah Iratni, “Breast cancer cells exhibits specific dielectric signature in vitro using the open-ended coaxial probe technique from 200 MHz to 13.6 GHz”, Scientific Reports, Nature, Vol.9, Issue 1, 4681, March 2019.
XIX. Muhammad Asraf Mansor , Masaru Takeuchi , Masahiro Nakajima , Yasuhisa Hasegawa and Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad, “Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Detection of Cells in Suspensions Using Microfluidic Device with Integrated Microneedles”, Applied Sciences, Vol.7, issue 2, 170, February, 2017.
XX. Muhammad Asraf Mansor and Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad, “Single Cell Electrical Characterization Techniques”, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol.16, 2015, pg. 12686-12712.
XXI. Nasir Nida and Ahmad Mahmoud Al, “Cells Electrical Characterization: Dielectric properties, Mixture and Modeling Theories”, Hindawi Journal of Engineering, Vol 2020, article id 9475490, 2020.
XXII. Qiao G, Duan W, Chatwin C, A Sinclair and W Wang, “Electrical Properties of Breast cancer cells from impedance measurement of cell suspensions, Journal of Physics, Vol 224(1), 012081, 2010.
XXIII. Revici Emanuel, “Biological Entities”, in Research in Pathophysiology as Basis for Guided Chemotherapy, with Special Application to Cancer, Princeton, New Jersey, New York, USA, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1961
XXIV. Schwan H.P. and Takashima Shiro, “Dielectric Behavior of Biological cells and Tissues”, Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Vol.69, No.4, pg. 459-475, 1991.
XXV. Stern R. G., “Carcinogenesis and the plasma membrane”, Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 52, No.5, May 1999, pp. 367-372.

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Abstract:

This research study presents the assessment of Pakistani Government Services (websites, mob apps, and mob web versions) for visually impaired users by using automated tools. The selected services are related to different categories of Pakistani Government Services having websites, mob apps, and mob web versions. This study uses four automated tools (Wave, Achecker, Web accessibility, and Accessibility Scanner) for assessment in which three tools are for websites and one tool for mob apps and their respective mob web version. Wave, Achecker, and Web accessibility tools are used for the assessment of websites while the Accessibility Scanner tool is used for the assessment of mob apps and their respective mob web versions. These tools apply the accessibility guidelines for websites, mob apps, and mob web versions of WCAG 2.0 and 2.1. After the assessment, the results showed that the majority of the services violate the guidelines of WCAG 2.0 and 2.1 which needs immediate attention of developers and services departments to avoid discrimination between normal users and people with impairments.

Keywords:

Mobile Accessibility Framework (MAF),WAVE (Web Accessibility Versatile Evaluator),Accessibility Checker (Achecker),Accessibility Evaluation of Mob Apps Flow (AMAF),

Refference:

I. “Fact Sheet on Persons with Disabilities,” [Online]. Available: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/factsheet-on-persons-with-disabilities.html.
II. “Gartner. 2018. Worldwide Sales of Smartphones During the Fourth Quarter of 2017,” [Online]. Available: https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3859963.
III. “United Nations: World Statistics Pocketbook 2018 Edition,” 2018. [Online].
IV. “Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1,” W3C, [Online]. Available: https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/.
V. “Worl Wide Web Consortium,” W3C, [Online]. Available: http://www.w3.org/.
VI. A. Ahmi and R. Mohamad, “Evaluating Accessibility of Malaysian Public Universities Websites using AChecker and WAVE,” Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 2016.
VII. A. Medina, C. Guevara, J. Jadán-Guerrero, I. L. Nunes5, L. Salvador-Ullauri, P. Acosta-Vargas, , P. Lara-Alvarez, S. Sanchez-Gordon and T. Calle-Jimenez, “Accessibility Assessment in Mobile,” in Springer, Cham, 2019.
VIII. A. Mehmood and M. Bakhsh, “Web Accessibility for Disabled: A Case Study of Government Websites in Pakistan,” in IEEE 10th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, 2012.
IX. A. P. Freire, A. G. S. Reis, F. S. Dias and M. C. N. Carvalho, “Accessibility and usability problems encountered on websites and applications in mobile devices by blind and normal-vision users,” in 33rd Annual ACM symposium on applied computing, 2018.
X. A. P. Freire, J. B. S. Vaz, L. C. Serra, L. P. Carvalho and L. P. Ferreira, “Accessibility Evaluation of E-Government Mobile Applications in Brazil,” in Procedia Computer Science 67, 2015.
XI. A. Schmetzke and D. Comeaux, “Web accessibility trends in university libraries and library schools,” in Library Hi Tech, 2007.
XII. C. PRIBEANU, R.-D. MARINESCU, P. FOGARASSY-NESZLY and M. Gheorghe-MOISII, “Web Accessibility in Romania: The Conformance of Municipal Web Sites,” Informatica Economică, vol. 16, 2012.
XIII. E.-S. Jeong, K.-R. Noh, M.-B. Kang, S.-J. Moon and Y.-B. You, “A study on the current status and strategies for improvement of web accessibility compliance of public institutions,” Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, Springer, 2015.
XIV. F. Kamoun and M. B. Almourad, “Accessibility as an integral factor in e-government web site evaluation,” Information Technology & People, 2014.
XV. G. Fraser, J. M. Rojas, M. M. Eler and Y. Ge, “Automated accessibility testing of mobile apps,” in IEEE 11th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST), 2018.
XVI. G. Taentzer, M. Guckert, R. Gerlach and S. Vaupel, “Model-driven development of mobile applications for Android and iOS supporting role-based app variability,” in Springer, 2018.
XVII. H. Y. Abuaddous, M. Z. Jali and N. Basir, “Study of the accessibility diagnosis on the public higher institution websites in Malaysia,” in Computing & Informatics, 4th International Conference, Univ Utari Malaysia-Uum, 2013.
XVIII. I. S. Shehu and S. A. Adepoju, “Usability evaluation of academic websites using automated tools,” in IEEE 3rd International Conference on User Science and Engineering (i-USEr), 2014.
XIX. M. A. Aziz, N. Nordin and W. A. R. W. M. Isa, “Assessing the accessibility and usability of Malaysia’s higher education websites,” in International Conference on User Science and Engineering (i-USEr), 2010.
XX. M. H. A. Latif and M. N. Masrek, “Accessibility evaluation on Malaysian e-government websites,” Journal of E-Government studies and best practices, vol. 2010, p. 11, 2010.
XXI. M. K. Baowaly and M. Bhuiyan, “Accessibility analysis and evaluation of Bangladesh government websites,” in International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), 2012.
XXII. M. Peñafiel, R. Navarrete and S. Luján-Mora, “eGovernment and web accessibility in South America,” in IEEE First International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG)., 2014.
XXIII. M. Providenti and R. Zai III, “Web accessibility at Kentucky’s academic libraries,” in Library Hi Tech, 2007.
XXIV. P. Acosta-Vargas, R. Zalakeviciute, S. Luján-Mora and W. Hernandez, “Accessibility Evaluation of Mobile Applications,” in Springer, Cham, 2019.
XXV. P. G. RAMACHANDRAN and S. YAN, “The Current Status of Accessibility in Mobile Apps,” ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS), vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-31, 2019.
XXVI. R. Rattray and R. Williams, “An assessment of web accessibility of UK accountancy firms,” Managerial Auditing Journal, pp. 710-716, 2003.
XXVII. R. Rattray and R. Williams, “UK and US hotel web content accessibility,” Mandates for action. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 17, pp. 78-87, 2005.
XXVIII. Y. Shi, “E-government web site accessibility in Australia and China: A longitudinal study,” Social Science Computer Review, vol. 24, pp. 378-385, 2006.

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Abstract:

During COVID-19 education system is very suffered not only by students but also by teachers. All universities, colleges, and schools adopted the E-Learning system during COVID-19. During this pandemic, we used the E-learning tools by the digital tools Zoom, and Google Meet. This paper is based on how we use the different technology models for the adoption of the E-Learning tools and adoption of E-learning tools affected the students during COVID-19 and also students are agree to adopt these tools. Questionnaires are prepared based on the adoption of E-learning tools and filled by the collegiate students. Learning organizations like Schools, colleges, and universities in India are presently based on old-style learning procedures and shadow the conservative location of face-to-face communication/lectures in a classroom. Most of the theoretical models are used earlier for the adoption of the E-learning sector ongoing combined learning, still, most of them are constructed with old steps. The determination of this study was to measure students’ observations of the usefulness of the technology for the acceptance of the model in the adoption of E-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in rural areas in Punjab. The discoveries propose that the adapted TAM is a good predictor of consumer behavior in using the Internet. We initiate that attitude in the direction of using the Internet performances as a strong conjecturer of interactive purpose to practice, and definite technique of Internet technologies. Future researchers can use the subsequent implementation to test how customers adopt and accept Internet-based presentations.

Keywords:

Adoption of Technology,E-Learning,COVID-19,Models,Acceptance Model,TAM,

Refference:

I. Adeoye IA, Adanikin AF, Adanikin A (2020) COVID-19 and E-learning: Nigeria tertiary education system experience. Int J Res Innov Appl Sci 5(5):28–31
II. Alone, Kimwise. (2017). ADOPTION OF E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS/ORGANIZATIONS: A LITERATURE REVIEW.
III. Ang, M. C., Ramayah, T., & Amin, H. (2015). A theory of planned behavior perspective on hiring Malaysians with disabilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 34(3), 186-200
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VII. Chau, P., & Hu, P. (2001). Information technology acceptance by individual professionals: A model of comparison approach. Decision Sciences, 32(4), 699–719. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.2001.tb00978.x
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IX. Dearing, James & Cox, Jeffrey. (2018). Diffusion Of Innovations Theory, Principles, And Practice. Health Affairs. 37. 183-190. 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1104.
X. Dishaw, M. T., Strong, D. M., & Bandy, D. B. (2004). The impact of task-technology fit in technology acceptance and utilization models. Paper presented at the Americas Conference on Information Systems, New York.
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XIII. Hojjati, S. N., & Khodakarami, M. (2016). Evaluation of factors affecting the adoption of smart buildings using the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications, 7(6), 2936
XIV. MacVaugh, Jason & Schiavone, Francesco. (2010). Limits to the diffusion of innovation: A literature review and integrative model. European Journal of Innovation Management. 13. 197-221. 10.1108/14601061011040258
XV. Njenga, J. K. (2011). ELearning adoption in Eastern and Southern African higher education institutions. A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Information Systems, University of the Western Cap

XVI. Pikkarainen, T., Pikkarainen, K., Karjaluoto, H.,Pahnila, S. (2004). Consumer acceptance of online banking: An extension of the technology acceptance model. Internet Research, 14(3), 224–235. doi:10.1108/10662240410542652
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XIX. T. V. Paul, “An evaluation of the effectiveness of E-learning, mobile learning and instructor-led training in organizational training and development,”The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1-13, 2014.
XX. T. Ramayah and M. Jantan, “Technology acceptance: An individual perspective current and future research in malaysia”, Review of Business Research, vol. 2, no. 1, (2004), pp. 103 111
XXI. THE LITERATURE REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION MODELS AND THEORIES FOR THE NOVELTY TECHNOLOGY JISTEM – Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 21-38, 2017
XXII. Thorpe M. Rethinking learner support: the challenge of collaborative online learning Open Learning 2002 17 (2) 105 115 [Taylor & Francis Online],
XXIII. Venkatesh, M.G. Morris, G.B. Davis and F.D. Davis, “User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view”, MIS quarterly, (2003), pp. 425–478

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Abstract:

A comparative analysis of different Thermocouples temperature Vs output response is provided. Different linearizers with their nonlinearity are compared with the general response of thermocouples is also given for universality. A Neural Network based solution in the analogue and digital domains is proposed the analysis will help designers to choose this linearization technique best suited for a given application.

Keywords:

Analog Sensors,Digital Sensors,linearization,Sensors,Neural Network,Transducers,Sensor Linearization,Universal Linearizer,

Refference:

I. A datasheet on TYPE K THERMOCOUPLE (Chromel / Alumel)200°C to +1260°C/-328°F to +2300°F, published by https://www.thermometricscorp.com/ in 2020..
II. Annealing State Dependence of the Calibration of Type R and Type S Thermocouples” By Ferdouse Jahan, M. J. Ballico. at International Journal of Thermophysics 31(8):1544-1553 on September 2010, DOI: 10.1007/s10765-010-0797-6
III. A comparative study between different types of temperature sensor” by abba mohammed, suleiman babani,abdurrashid ibrahim sanka, nura ahmed abdullahi, At International Journal Of Industrial Electronics And Electrical Engineering,Volume-3, Issue-12, Dec.-2015 ISSN: 2347-6982
IV. “A stable solution-processed polymer semiconductor with record high-mobility for printed transistors”By Jun Li1*, Yan Zhao2*, Huei Shuan Tan1, Yunlong Guo2, Chong-An Di2, Gui Yu2, Yunqi Liu2, Ming Lin1, Suo Hon Lim1, Yuhua Zhou4, Haibin Su4 & Beng S. Ong1,3,5 in Scientific Reports • October 2012
V. Calendar-Van Dusen Equation and RTD Temperature Sensors, 1-800-459-9459 U.S. and Canada available at : www.ilxlightwave.com
VI. “Introduction and Classification of Sensors by Prof. G.R Sinha of International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore” Article presented in Researchgate available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321625555_I troduction_and_Classification_of_Sensors.
VII. “Lookup Table Optimization for Sensor Linearization in Small Embedded Systems” by Lars E. Bengtsson , Journal of Sensor Technology, 2012, 2, PP : 177-184
VIII. “Linearization of Thermocouple Voltages” by Gerald Conrad, Review of Scientific Instruments 39, 1682 (1968); doi: 0.1063/1.1683201published by Published by the AIP Publishing.
IX. “Linearized Thermistor Multivibrator Bridges for Temperature Measurement”, by DRAGAN K. STANKOV16 In IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, june 1974.
X. “Linearization of the sensors characteristics: a review” By Tarikul Islam and S.C. Mukhopadhyay at International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems 12(1):1-21 D.O.I: 10.21307/ijssis-2019-007
XI. “Linearization Techniques of Sensor: A Comparative Study” By Nilanjan Byabarta and Abir Chattopadhyay at IETE technical Review Volume 37 Isssue 4 PP 429-432
XII. Optimized Sensor Linearization for Thermocouple”. A White paper published by Texas Instruments in TIDUA11A–June 2015–Revised September 2015
XIII. RTD Temperature vs. resistance Table: Publisehed by the Omega technologies in 2012
XIV. Revised Thermocouple Reference Tables, Type K. Data Table by Omega Technologies, 2012
XV. “Signal Conditioning and Linearization of RTD Sensors” by Collin Wells of Texas Instruments. HPA Precision Linear Applications 9/24/11.
XVI. “Theoretical and Experimental Research of Error of Method of Thermocouple with Controlled Profile of Temperature Field” by Su Jun,O. Kochan,Wang Chunzhi, Roman Kochan at “Measurement Science Review” on September 2015 D.O.I 10.1515/msr-2015-0041

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