Archive

Abstract:

Fatigue is a form of failure that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic and fluctuating stresses, where failure can occur at a stress level significantly lower than the tensile or yield strength of a static load under these circumstances. The term "fatigue" is used because, after a long period of repetitive stress or stress cycling, this form of failure typically occurs. Fatigue is important because it is the single largest cause of metal failure, estimated to account for about 90% of all metal failures; polymers and ceramics (except glasses) are also prone to this form of failure. This research is studying the failure analysis, fatigue life and endurance limit of brass metal experimental and numerical under cyclic bending moments

Keywords:

Fatigue,Cyclic,Endurance limit,Fatigue life,Brass metal,

Refference:

I. A Karolczuk., Macha E. A review of critical plane orientations in multiaxial fatigue failure criteria of metallic materials. Int J Fract 1995; 134:267–304
II. Aldeeb, T., &Abduelmula, M.,“Fatigue Strength of S275 Mild Steel under Cyclic Loading”, International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 12(10), 564-570, 2018
III. Beden, S. M., Abdullah, S., Ariffin, A. K., Al-Asady, N. A., &Rahman, M. M.,“Fatigue Life Assessment of Different Steel-Based Shell Materials under Variable Amplitude Loading”, European Journal of Scientific Research, 29(1), 157-169, 2009
IV. Bahaideen, F. B., Saleem, A. M., Hussain, K., Ripin, Z. M., Ahmad, Z. A., Samad, Z., &Badarulzaman, N. A. “Fatigue Behaviour of Aluminum Alloy at Elevated Temperature”. Modern applied science, 3(4), 52-61, 2009.‏
V. Glinka, G. And Ince, “A Generalized Fatigue Damage Parameter for Multiaxial Fatigue Life Prediction under Proportional and Non-Proportional Loadings”, International Journal of Fatigue, 62, 34-41, 2014
VI. Hantoosh, Z. K.,“Fatigue Life Prediction at Elevated Temperature under Low – High and High – Low Loading Based on Mechanical Properties Damage Model”, 2012Strength Prediction from Early-Age Data”-Technical Paper, Honor Project, Technical Paper, University of Adelaide.
VII. Hussein Y. Mahmood, Khalid A. Sukkar, Wasan K. Mikhelf. : Corrosion Reduction for Brass Alloy by Using Different Nano-Coated Techniques, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-3, May-June (2019) pp 30-46
VIII. Kopas, P., Jakubovičová, L., Vaško, M., &Handrik, M.,“Fatigue Resistance of Reinforcing Steel Bars”, Procedia Engineering, 136, 193-197, 2016
IX. Kim, K. S Chen, X., Jin, D., &.,“Fatigue Life Prediction of Type 304 Stainless Steel under Sequential Biaxial Loading”, International Journal of Fatigue, 28(3), 289-299, 2006
X. Lalanne , C.,“Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis, Fatigue Damage”, vol. 59, pp: 6-9, 2007
XI. Shreyas, P., Trishul, M. A., Chethan Kumar, R., &KarthikBabu, K. R.,“Design and Fabrication of Dual Specimen Rotating Bending Fatigue Testing Machine”. International Advanced, 2015
XII. Talemi, R. H., Chhith, S., & De Waele, W.,“On Effect of Pre-Bending Process on Low Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of High Strength Steel Using Lock-in Thermography”. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2, 3135-3142, 2016.‏
XIII. Zamen Karm, Hussein Yousif. : Relation Ship Between Hardness And Roughness For dezincification of Brass, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-5, September-October (2019) pp 369-378

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Abstract:

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are a collection of mobile nodes which are free to move from one place to another place without a central control entity. In MANETs the nodes are dependent on each other and the communication among mobile nodes is multi-hop due to which there are security issues in the MANETs protocols. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols are mostly used as proactive and reactive routing protocols in MANETs. This research work analyzed the performance of the OLSR and DSR protocols in the presence and absence of black hole (BH) attack in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network load in various scenarios using OPNET Modeler 14.5 simulator. The results obtained in this research show that BH attack significantly degrades the performance of both DSR and OLSR protocols but due to the reactive nature of DSR routing protocol the performance is more degraded in DSR routing protocol as compared to OLSR routing protocol in the presence of BH attack.

Keywords:

MANETs,Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols,OLSR,DSR,Malicious Nodes,Black Hole Attack,

Refference:

I. Adam, G., Kapoulas, V., Bouras, C., Kioumourtzis, G., Gkamas, A., &Tavoularis, N. (2011, October). Performance evaluation of routing protocols for multimedia transmission over mobile ad hoc networks. In Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2011 4th Joint IFIP (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
II. Ade, S. A., &Tijare, P. A. (2010). Performance comparison of AODV, DSDV, OLSR and DSR routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, 2(2), 545-548.
III. Aggarwal, R., &Rana, S. A. (2014). Comparitative Survey on Malicious Nodes and Their Attacks in MANET. (IOSR-JCE), 16(3), (PP 93-101).
IV. Arora, N., &Barwar, N. C. (2014). Performance Analysis of Black Hole Attack on different MANET Routing Protocols. International Journal of Computer Science and Information technologies, 5(3), 4417-4419.
V. Babu, E. S., Naganjaneyulu, S., Rao, P. S., & Reddy, G. N. (2019). An Efficient Cryptographic Mechanism to Defend Collaborative Attack Against DSR Protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. In Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems (pp. 21-30). Springer, Singapore.
VI. Chaurasia, M., & Singh, B. P. (2018). Prevention of DOS and Routing Attack in OLSR Under MANET. In Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advancement on Computer and Communication (pp. 287-295). Springer, Singapore.
VII. Dokurer, S., Erten, Y. M., &Acar, C. E. (2007, March). Performance analysis of ad-hoc networks under black hole attacks. In SoutheastCon, 2007. Proceedings. IEEE (pp. 148-153). IEEE.
VIII. Garg, N., & Mahapatra, R. P. (2009). MANET Security issues. IJCSNS, 9(8), 241.
IX. Jaiswal, P., & Kumar, D. R. (2012). Prevention of Black Hole Attack in MANET. IRACST–International Journal of Computer Networks and Wireless Communications (IJCNWC), ISSN, 2250-3501
X, Jamal, T., & Butt, S. A. (2018). Malicious node analysis in MANETS. International Journal of Information Technology, 1-9.
XI. Johnson, D. B., Maltz, D. A., &Broch, J. (2001). DSR: The dynamic source routing protocol for multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Ad hoc networking, 5, 139-172.
XII. Kaur, T., & Singh, A. (2013). Performance Evaluation of MANET with Black Hole Attack Using Routing Protocols. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN, 2248(9622), 1324-1328.
XIII. Mamatha, G. S., & Sharma, D. S. (2010). A highly secured approach against attacks in MANETS. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, 2(5), 1793-8201.
XIV. Mohammad, A. A. K., Mahmood, A. M., & Vemuru, S. (2019). Providing Security Towards the MANETs Based on Chaotic Maps and Its Performance. In Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications (pp. 145-152). Springer, Singapore.
XV. Mohammad, S. N., Singh, R. P., Dey, A., & Ahmad, S. J. (2019). ESMBCRT: Enhance Security to MANETs Against Black Hole Attack Using MCR Technique. In Innovations in Electronics and Communication Engineering (pp. 319-326). Springer, Singapore.
XVI. Mohebi, A., Kamal, E., & Scott, S. (2013). Simulation and analysis of AODV and DSR routing protocol under black hole attack. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 5(10), 19.
XVII. Mani, U., Chandrasekaran, R., & Dhulipala, V. S. (2013). Study and analysis of routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network. Journal of Computer Science, 9(11), 1519.
XVIII. Rohal, P., Dahiya, R., &Dahiya, P. (2013). Study and analysis of throughput, delay and packet delivery ratio in MANET for topology based routing protocols (AODV, DSR and DSDV). international journal for advance research in engineering and technology, 1. (Vol. 1, pp. 54-58).
XIX. Roy A., Deb T. (2018) Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In: Mandal J., Saha G., Kandar D., Maji A. (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing and Communication Systems. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 24. Springer, Singapore
XX. Saddiki, K., Boukli-Hacene, S., Gilg, M., & Lorenz, P. (2018, September). Trust-Neighbors-Based to Mitigate the Cooperative Black Hole Attack in OLSR Protocol. In International Symposium on Security in Computing and Communication (pp. 117-131). Springer, Singapore.
XXI. Sajjad Muhammad, Khalid Saeed, Tariq Hussain, ArbabWaseem Abbas, Irshad Khalil, Iqtidar Ali, Nida Gul. : Impact of Jelly Fish Attackonthe Performance of DSR Routing Protocol in MANETs, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-4, July-August (2019) pp 132-140
XXII. Salehi, M., Samavati, H., &Dehghan, M. (2012, May). Evaluation of DSR protocol under a new Black hole attack. In Electrical Engineering (ICEE), 2012 20th Iranian Conference on (pp. 640-644). IEEE.
XXIII. Shrestha, A., &Tekiner, F. (2009, December). On MANET routing protocols for mobility and scalability. In Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies, 2009 International Conference on (pp. 451-456). IEEE.
XXIV. Tariq Hussain, Iqtidar Ali, Muhammad Arif, Samad Baseer, Fatima Pervez, Zia Ur Rehman. : AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL ON THE BASIS OF MOBILITY MODELS, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-9, September (2020) pp 306-327.
XXV. Vamsi, P. R., & Kant, K. (2017). Generalized trust model for cooperative routing in MANETs. Wireless Personal Communications, 97(3), 4385-4412.

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Abstract:

This research presents a new and efficient Centroidal mean derivative-based numerical cubature scheme which has been proposed for the accurate evaluation of double integrals under finite range. The proposed modification is based on the Trapezoidal-type quadrature and cubature rules. The approximate values can only be obtained for some important applications to evaluate the complex double integrals. Higher precision and order of accuracy could be achieved by the proposed scheme. The schemes, in basic and composite forms, with local and global error terms are presented with necessary supporting arguments with their performance evaluation against conventional Trapezoid rule through some numerical experiments. The simultaneously observed error distributions of the proposed schemes are found to be lower than the conventional Trapezoidal cubature scheme in composite form

Keywords:

Cubature,Double integrals,Centroidal mean Derivative-based scheme,Precision,Order of accuracy,Local and global errors,Trapezoid,

Refference:

I. Babolian E., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, On numerical improvement of Gauss-Legendre quadrature rules, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 160(2005) 779-789.
II. Bailey D. H. and J. M. Borwein, “High precision numerical integration: progress and challenges,” Journal of Symbolic Computation ,vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 741–754, 2011.
III. Bhatti, A. A., M.S. Chandio, R.A. Memon and M. M. Shaikh, (2019), “A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51(4): 745-750.

IV. Burden R. L., J. D. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
V. Burg. C. O. E., Derivative-based closed Newton-cotes numerical quadrature, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 218 (2012), 7052-7065.
VI. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, The semi-open Newton- Cotes quadrature rule and its numerical improvement, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 171 (2005) 1129-1140.
VII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of closed Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 165, no. 2,pp. 251–260, 2005.
VIII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 175, no. 1, pp.618–627, 2006.
IX. Jain M. K., S. R. K. Iyengar and R. K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Computation, New Age International (P) Limited, Fifth Edition, 2007.
X. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Some new and efficient derivative-based schemes for numerical cubature., :J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol. 15, No.11, pp. 67-78, 2020.
XI. Memon K., M. M. Shaikh, M. S. Chandio, A. W. Shaikh, “A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral”, 52(01) 37-40 (2020).
XII. Pal M., Numerical Analysis for Scientists and Engineers: theory and C programs, Alpha Science, Oxford, UK, 2007.
XIII. Petrovskaya N., E. Venturino, “Numerical integration of sparsely sampled data,” Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory,vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1860–1872, 2011.
XIV. Ramachandran T. (2016), D. Udayakumar and R. Parimala, “Comparison of Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean Derivative-Based Closed Newton Cotes Quadrature“, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, 35-43 ISSN: 2321 – 9238.
XV. Sastry S.S., Introductory methods of numerical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India, 1997.

XVI. Shaikh, M. M., (2019), “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations – A Comparison”. Turkish Journal of Analysis and NumberTheory,7(4)91-97. doi: 10.12691/tjant-7-4-1.
XVII. Shaikh, M. M., M. S. Chandio and A. S. Soomro, (2016), “A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 48(2): 389-392.
XVIII. Zafar F., S. Saleem and C. O. E. Burg, New derivative based open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules, Abstract and Applied Analysis, Volume 2014, Article ID 109138, 16 pages, 2014.
XIX. Zhao, W., and H. Li, (2013) “Midpoint Derivative- Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature”, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507.
XX. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, (2014), “Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann- Stieltjes Integral”, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33: 369-376.

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Abstract:

This study focuses on the Heronian mean derivative-based numerical cubature scheme to better evaluate double integrals' infinite limits. The proposed modifications rely on the Trapezoidal-type quadrature and cubature schemes. The aforementioned proposed scheme is important to numerically evaluate the complex double integrals, where the exact value is not available but the approximate values can only be obtained. With regards to higher precision and order of accuracy, the proposed Heronian derivative-based double integral scheme provides efficient results. The discussed scheme, in basic and composite forms, with local and global error terms is presented with necessary proofs with their performance evaluation against conventional Trapezoid rule through some numerical experiments. The consequently observed error distributions of the aforementioned scheme are found to be lower than the conventional Trapezoidal cubature scheme in composite form

Keywords:

Cubature,Double integrals,Heronian mean Derivative-based scheme,Precision,Order of accuracyLocal and global errors,Local and global errors,Trapezoid,

Refference:

I. Babolian E., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, On numerical improvement of Gauss-Legendre quadrature rules, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 160(2005) 779-789.
II. Bailey D. H. and J. M. Borwein, “High precision numerical integration: progress and challenges,” Journal of Symbolic Computation ,vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 741–754, 2011.
III. Bhatti, A. A., M.S. Chandio, R.A. Memon and M. M. Shaikh, (2019), “A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51(4): 745-750.
IV. Burden R. L., J. D. Faires, Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
V. Burg. C. O. E., Derivative-based closed Newton-cotes numerical quadrature, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 218 (2012), 7052-7065.
VI. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei and M. R. Eslahchi, The semi-open Newton- Cotes quadrature rule and its numerical improvement, Applied Mathematics and Computations, 171 (2005) 1129-1140.
VII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of closed Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 165, no. 2,pp. 251–260, 2005.
VIII. Dehghan M., M. Masjed-Jamei, and M. R. Eslahchi, “On numerical improvement of open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 175, no. 1, pp.618–627, 2006.
IX. Jain M. K., S. R. K. Iyengar and R. K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Computation, New Age International (P) Limited, Fifth Edition, 2007.
X. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Some new and efficient derivative-based schemes for numerical cubature., : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol. 15, No.11, pp. 67-78, 2020.
XI. Memon K., M. M. Shaikh, M. S. Chandio, A. W. Shaikh, “A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral”, 52(01) 37-40 (2020).
XII. Pal M., Numerical Analysis for Scientists and Engineers: theory and C programs, Alpha Science, Oxford, UK, 2007.
XIII. Petrovskaya N., E. Venturino, “Numerical integration of sparsely sampled data,” Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory,vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1860–1872, 2011.

XIV. Ramachandran T. (2016), D. Udayakumar and R. Parimala, “Comparison of Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean Derivative-Based Closed Newton Cotes Quadrature“, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, 35-43 ISSN: 2321 – 9238.
XV. Sastry S.S., Introductory methods of numerical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India, 1997.
XVI. Shaikh, M. M., (2019), “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations – A Comparison”. Turkish Journal of Analysis and NumberTheory,7(4)91-97. doi: 10.12691/tjant-7-4-1.
XVII. Shaikh, M. M., M. S. Chandio and A. S. Soomro, (2016), “A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration”, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 48(2): 389-392.
XVIII. Zafar F., S. Saleem and C. O. E. Burg, New derivative based open Newton-Cotes quadrature rules, Abstract and Applied Analysis, Volume 2014, Article ID 109138, 16 pages, 2014.
XIX. Zhao, W., and H. Li, (2013) “Midpoint Derivative- Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature”, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507.
XX. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, (2014), “Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann- Stieltjes Integral”, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33: 369-376.

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Abstract:

In this paper, a new heronian mean derivative-based quadrature scheme of Simpson’s 1/3-type is proposed for the approximation of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral (RS-integral). Theorems are proved related to the basic form, composite form, local and global errors of the new scheme for the RS-integral. The reduction of the new proposed scheme is verified using g(t) = t for Riemann integral. The theoretical results of the new proposed scheme have been proved by experimental work using programming in MATLAB against existing schemes. The order of accuracy, computational cost and average CPU time (in seconds) of the new proposed scheme are determined. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to the existing schemes.

Keywords:

Quadrature rule,Riemann-Stieltjes,Simpson’s 1/3 rule,Composite form,Local error,Global error,Cost-effectiveness,Time-efficiency,Heronian Mean,

Refference:

I. Bartle, R.G. and Bartle, R.G., The elements of real analysis, (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons, 1964.
II. Bhatti AA, Chandio MS, Memon RA and Shaikh MM, A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51.4, (2019): 745-750.
III. Burden, R.L., Faires, J.D., Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
IV. Dragomir, S.S., and Abelman S., Approximating the Riemann-Stieltjes integral of smooth integrands and of bounded variation integrators, Journal of Inequalities and Applications, 2013.1 (2013), 154.
V. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Error analysis of closed Newton-Cotes cubature schemes for double integrals. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (11): 95-107, 2020.
VI. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Some new and efficient derivative-based schemes for numerical cubature. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci.,15 (10): 67-78, 2020.
VII. Mastoi, Adnan Ali, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, and Abdul Wasim Shaikh. A new third-order derivative-based iterative method for nonlinear equations. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 110-123, 2020.
VIII. Memon K, Shaikh MM, Chandio MS and Shaikh AW, A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 52.1, (2020): 37-40.
IX. Memon K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. A new and efficient Simpson’s 1/3-type quadrature rule for Riemann-Stieltjes integral. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (11): 132-148, 2020.
X. Memon, A. A., Shaikh, M. M., Bukhari, S. S. H., & Ro, J. S. Look-up Data Tables-Based Modeling of Switched Reluctance Machine and Experimental Validation of the Static Torque with Statistical Analysis. Journal of Magnetics, 25(2): 233-244, 2020.
XI. Mercer, P.R., Hadamard’s inequality and Trapezoid rules for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Journal of Mathematica Analysis and Applications, 344 (2008), 921-926.
XII. Mercer, P.R., Relative convexity and quadrature rules for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Journal of Mathematica inequality, 6 (2012), 65-68.
XIII. Protter, M.H. and Morrey, C.B., A First Course in Real Analysis . Springer, New York, NY, 1977.
XIV. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Geometric mean derivative-based closed Newton-Cotes quadrature, International Journal of Pure & Engineering Mathematics, 4, 107-116, April 2016.
XV. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Harmonic mean derivative-based closed Newton-Cotes quadrature, IOSR-Journal of Mathematics, 12, 36-41, May-June 2016.
XVI. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Heronian mean derivative- based closed Newton cotes quadrature, International Journal of Mathematical Archive, 7, 53-58, July 2016.
XVII. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Parimala .R, Centroidal mean derivative–based closed Newton cotes quadrature, International Journal of Science and Research, 5, 338-343, August 2016.
XVIII. Shaikh, MM., MS Chandio and AS Soomro, A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series), 48.2, 2016.
XIX. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shafiq-ur-Rehman Massan, and Asim Imdad Wagan. “A new explicit approximation to Colebrook’s friction factor in rough pipes under highly turbulent cases.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015): 538-543.
XX. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shafiq-ur-Rehman Massan, and Asim Imdad Wagan. “A sixteen decimal places’ accurate Darcy friction factor database using non-linear Colebrook’s equation with a million nodes: A way forward to the soft computing techniques.” Data in brief 27 (2019): 104733.
XXI. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba. “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations–A Comparison.” Turkish Journal of Analysis and Number Theory 7.4 (2019): 91-97.
XXII. Umar, Sehrish, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, and Abdul Wasim Shaikh. A new quadrature-based iterative method for scalar nonlinear equations. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 79-93, 2020.
XXIII. Zhao, W., and H. Li, Midpoint Derivative-Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507, (2013).
XXIV. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, Composite Trapezoid rule for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral and its Richardson Extrapolation Formula, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 35 (2015), 311-318.
XXV. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33, (2014), 369-376.

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Abstract:

In this paper, a new efficient derivative-based quadrature scheme of Simpson’s 1/3-type is proposed using the centroidal mean for the approximation of Riemann-Stieltjes integral (RS-integral). Theorems are proved related to the basic form, composite form, local and global errors of the new scheme for the RS-integral. The reduction of the new proposed scheme is verified using g(t) = t for Riemann integral. The theoretical results of new proposed scheme have been proved by experimental work using programming in MATLAB against existing schemes. The order of accuracy, computational cost and average CPU time (in seconds) of the new proposed scheme are determined. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to the existing schemes.

Keywords:

Quadrature rule,Riemann-Stieltjes integral,Centroidal Mean,Simpson’s 1/3 rule,Composite form,Local error,Global error,Cost-effectiveness,Time-efficiency,

Refference:

I. Bartle, R.G. and Bartle, R.G., The elements of real analysis, (Vol. 2). John Wiley and Sons, 1964.

II. Bhatti AA, Chandio MS, Memon RA and Shaikh MM, A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 51.4, (2019): 745-750.
III. Burden, R.L., Faires, J.D., Numerical Analysis, Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
IV. Dragomir, S.S., and Abelman S., Approximating the Riemann-Stieltjes integral of smooth integrands and of bounded variation integrators, Journal of Inequalities and Applications, 2013.1 (2013), 154.
V. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Error analysis of closed Newton-Cotes cubature schemes for double integrals: J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (11): 95-107, 2020.
VI. Malik K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. Some new and efficient derivative-based schemes for numerical cubature. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 67-78, 2020.
VII. Mastoi, Adnan Ali, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, and Abdul Wasim Shaikh. A new third-order derivative-based iterative method for nonlinear equations. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 110-123, 2020.
VIII. Memon K, Shaikh MM, Chandio MS and Shaikh AW, A Modified Derivative-Based Scheme for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 52.1, (2020): 37-40.
IX. Memon K., Shaikh, M. M., Chandio, M. S. and Shaikh, A. W. A new and efficient Simpson’s 1/3-type quadrature rule for Riemann-Stieltjes integral. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (11): 132-148, 2020.
X. Memon, A. A., Shaikh, M. M., Bukhari, S. S. H., & Ro, J. S. Look-up Data Tables-Based Modeling of Switched Reluctance Machine and Experimental Validation of the Static Torque with Statistical Analysis. Journal of Magnetics, 25(2): 233-244, 2020.
XI. Mercer, P.R., Hadamard’s inequality and Trapezoid rules for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Journal of Mathematica Analysis and Applications, 344 (2008), 921-926.
XII. Mercer, P.R., Relative convexity and quadrature rules for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Journal of Mathematica inequality, 6 (2012), 65-68.
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XIV. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Geometric mean derivative-based closed Newton-Cotes quadrature, International Journal of Pure & Engineering Mathematics, 4, 107-116, April 2016.
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XVI. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Udayakumar.D, Parimala .R, Heronian mean derivative- based closed Newton cotes quadrature, International Journal of Mathematical Archive, 7, 53-58, July 2016.

XVII. Ramachandran Thiagarajan, Parimala .R, Centroidal mean derivative–based closed Newton cotes quadrature, International Journal of Science and Research, 5, 338-343, August 2016.
XVIII. Shaikh, MM., MS Chandio and AS Soomro, A Modified Four-point Closed Mid-point Derivative Based Quadrature Rule for Numerical Integration, Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series), 48.2, 2016.
XIX. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shafiq-ur-Rehman Massan, and Asim Imdad Wagan. “A new explicit approximation to Colebrook’s friction factor in roughpipes under highly turbulent cases.” International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 88 (2015): 538-543.
XX. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shafiq-ur-Rehman Massan, and Asim Imdad Wagan. “A sixteen decimal places’ accurate Darcy friction factor database using non-linear Colebrook’s equation with a million nodes: A way forward to the soft computing techniques.” Data in brief 27 (2019): 104733.
XXI. Shaikh, Muhammad Mujtaba. “Analysis of Polynomial Collocation and Uniformly Spaced Quadrature Methods for Second Kind Linear Fredholm Integral Equations–A Comparison.” Turkish Journal of Analysis and Number Theory 7.4 (2019): 91-97
XXII. Umar, Sehrish, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, and Abdul Wasim Shaikh. A new quadrature-based iterative method for scalar nonlinear equations. : J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., 15 (10): 79-93, 2020.
XXIII. Zhao, W., and H. Li, Midpoint Derivative-Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature, Abstract And Applied Analysis, Article ID 492507, (2013).
XXIV. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, Composite Trapezoid rule for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral and its Richardson Extrapolation Formula, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 35 (2015), 311-318.
XXV. Zhao, W., Z. Zhang, and Z. Ye, Midpoint Derivative-Based Trapezoid Rule for the Riemann-Stieltjes Integral, Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 33, (2014), 369-376.

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Abstract:

For many years, engines have been one of the main power machinery of different kinds of applications, and the main part of power machinery is a crankshaft that converts the piston's reciprocating displacement with four-link mechanisms into rotary motion. . The major limitation of the engine crankshaft is fatigue failure due to repeated load caused by bending and torsional load. In this paper, the comparative dynamics structural analysis was carried out for three different materials such as forged steel, cast iron, and chromium-molybdenum steel with different angles of turns of cranks from 0° to 720° and to predict the stresses, deformation, and fatigue life of crankshaft without compromising its weight, strength and reliability. The 3D CAD model was simulated with FEA software. The simulated results show that by applying bending load and torsional load for three materials, the maximum stresses produced in the fillet area of the main bearing journal and in the fillet area of the crankpin journal at a crank angle of 360° respectively. The deformation results revealed that maximum deformation occurs at the mid-surface of the crankpin. From fatigue life prediction it was observed that forged steel and chromium-molybdenum steel shows better fatigue life as compared to cast iron. Moreover, in the comparative study, it was concluded that chromium-molybdenum steel shows fewer stresses and better fatigue life. Therefore it is suggested that chromium-molybdenum steel would be the better option for manufacturing crankshaft.

Keywords:

Dynamics Analysis,Engine Crankshaft,Finite Element Analysis,Fatigue Life,Stress Distribution,Deformation Distribution,

Refference:

I. Aldhaidhawi Mohanad, Muneer Naji, Abdel Nasser Ahmed. : EFFECT OF IGNITION TIMINGS ON THE SI ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS FUELED WITH GASOLINE, ETHANOL AND LPG, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-6, June (2020) pp 390-401
II. Degefe, M., P. Paramasivam, and T. Dabasa, “Optimization and Finite Element Analysis of Single Cylinder Engine Crankshaft for Improving Fatigue Life”. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2017. 1(3): p. 58-68.
II. Fonte, M., et al., Failure mode analysis of two crankshafts of a single cylinder diesel engine. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2015. 56: p. 185-193.
III. Gopal, G.; Kumar, L. S.; Reddy, K. V. B.; Rao, M. U. M. and Srinivasulu, G. Analysis of Piston, Connecting Rod and Crank Shaft Assembly. Materials Today: Proceedings 2017, 4, 7810-7819.

IV. Horváth, P. and Égert, J. Stress Analysis and Weight Reduction of a One-Cylinder Engine Crankshaft. Acta Technica Jaurinensis 2015, 8, 201-217.
V. Metkar, R.M., et al., “Evaluation of FEM based fracture mechanics technique to estimate life of an automotive forged steel crankshaft of a single cylinder diesel engine”. Procedia Engineering, 2013. 51: p. 567-572.
VI. Montazersadgh, F.H. and A. Fatemi, Dynamic load and stress analysis of a crankshaft. 2007, SAE Technical Paper.
VII. Pratiksha M. Nargolkar. “Analysis of Crankshaft”. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research, 2015.p.122-127.
VIII. R. Jagadeesh Kumar, K. Phaniteja, K. Sambasiva Rao. “Transient Structural Analysis Of A Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Petrol Engine Crankshaft,” international journal of advanced technology in engineering and science., 2017 vol .5, pp 559-612.
IX. Sandya, K.; Keerthi, M. and Srinivas, K. Modeling and Stress Analysis of Crankshaft Using Fem Package Ansys. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology IRJET 2016, 3, 687-693.
X. Saurabh P. Jangam, Satish Kumar, Shruti Maheshwari.” Literature review on analysis of various components of IC engine”. Materials Today: Proceedings,2018.:p. 19027–19033.
XI. Thejasree, P., G.D. Kumar, and S.L.P. Lakshmi, “Modelling and Analysis of Crankshaft for passenger car using ANSYS”. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017. 4(10): p. 11292-11299.
XII. Witek, L.; Sikora, M.; Stachowicz, F. and Trzepiecinski, T. Stress and Failure Analysis of the Crankshaft of Diesel Engine. Engineering Failure Analysis 2017, 82, 703-712.
XIII. Williams, J.R., F. Montazersadgh, and A. Fatemi, Fatigue Performance Comparison and Life Predictions of Forged Steel and Ductile Cast Iron Crankshafts. 2007, University of Toledo.

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Abstract:

In this paper, a mathematical model for an externally damped axially moving string is studied. This mathematical model is a second order partial differential equation which is a wave-like equation. The String is assumed to be externally damped by the viscous medium such as oil, and there is no restriction on the parametric values of the damping parameter. From a physical point of view, a string is represented as a chain moving in oil in the  positive horizontal direction between pair of pulleys. The axial speed of the string is assumed to be constant, positive and small compared to wave-velocity. To approximate the exact solutions of the initial-boundary value problem, the straightforward expansion method has been used to obtain valid approximations. It will be shown that if the damping parameter is neglected then the method breaks down as expected, and if damping is present in the system then the amplitudes of the oscillations are damped out and, solutions are valid and uniform.

Keywords:

axially moving string,viscous damping,straightforward expansion method,

Refference:

I. A. A. Maitlo, S. H. Sandilo, A. H. Sheikh, R. A. Malookani, and S. Qureshi, On aspects of viscous damping for an axially transporting string, Sci. Int.(Lahore) Vol. 28, No. 4, 3721–3727(2016).
II. Darmawijoyo and W. T. Van Horssen, On the weakly damped vibrations of a string attached to a spring mass dashpot system, J. Vib. Control. Vol. 9, No. 11, 1231–1248(2003).
III. Darmawijoyo and W. T. Van Horssen, On boundary damping for a weakly nonlinear wave equation, Nonlinear Dyn. Vol. 30, No. 2, 179–191(2002).
IV. Darmawijoyo , W. T. Van Horssen, and P. H. Clément, On a rayleigh wave equation with boundary damping, Nonlinear Dyn. Vol. 33 , 399–429(2003).
V. J. W. Hijmissen, On aspects of boundary damping for cables and vertical beams, PhD Thesis (2008), Delf University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
VI. K. Marynowski and T. Kapitaniak, Zener internal damping in modelling of axially moving viscoelastic beam with time-dependent tension, Int. J. Non. Linear. Mech. Vol. 42, No. 1, 118–131(2007).
VII. Khalid H. Malik , Sanaullah Dehraj, Sindhu Jamali, Sajad H. Sandilo, Asif Mehmood Awan. : On transversal vibrations of an axially moving Beam under influence of viscous damping. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-11, pp. 12-22 (2020).
VIII. M. A. Zarubinskaya and W. T. van Horssen, On aspects of boundary damping for a rectangular plate, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 292, No. 3–5, 844–853(2006).
IX. N. Jakšić and M. Boltežar, Viscously damped transverse vibrations of an axially moving string, Journal Mech. Eng. Vol. 51, No. 9, 560–569 (2005).
X. N. V. Gaiko and W. T. van Horssen, On the transverse, low frequency vibrations of a traveling string with boundary damping, J. Vib. Acoust. Vol. 137, No. 4, 041004-1041004-10(2015).
XI. R. A. Malookani and W. T. Van Horssen, On resonances and the applicability of Galerkin’s truncation method for an axially moving string with time-varying velocity, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 344, 1–17(2015).
XII. R. A. Malookani, S. Dehraj, and S. H. Sandilo, Asymptotic approximations of the solution for a traveling string under boundary damping, J. Appl. Comput. Mech. Vol. 5, No. 5, 918–925(2019).
XIII. R. Heberman, Applied partial differential equations, Pearson Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (2004).
XIV. S. Krenk, Vibrations of a taut cable with an external damper, J. Appl. Mech. Vol. 67, No. 4, 772–776(2000).
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XVI. S. V. Ponomareva and W. T. Van Horssen, On transversal vibrations of an axially moving string with a time-varying velocity, Nonlinear Dyn. Vol. 50, No. 1–2, 315–323(2007).
XVII. S. H. Sandilo, R. A. Malookani and A. H. Sheikh, On oscillations of an axially translating tensioned beam under viscous damping, Sci. Int. (Lahore) Vol. 28, No. 4, 4123–4127(2016).
XVIII. S. H. Sandilo and W. T. Van Horssen, On variable length induced vibrations of a vertical string, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 333, No. 11, 2432–2449(2014).
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XXI. S. Dehraj, R. A. Malookani, and S. H. Sandilo, On Laplace transform and (In) stability of externally damped axially moving string, J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-8, pp. 282-298(2020).
XXII. T. Akkaya and W. T. Van Horssen, On the transverse vibrations of strings and beams on semi-infinite domains, Procedia IUTAM. Vol. 19, 266–273(2016).
XXIII. T. Akkaya and W. T. van Horssen, On constructing a Green’s function for a semi-infinite beam with boundary damping, Meccanica. Vol. 52, No.10, 2251–2263(2017).
XXIV. W. T. Van Horssen and S. V. Ponomareva, On the construction of the solution of an equation describing an axially moving string, J. Sound Vib. Vol. 287, No. 1–2, 359–366(2005).

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Abstract:

In this study, the authors try to compute the importance of risk management in construction industries and try to validate that risk management is a vital tool to manage the project for this purpose about 150 questionnaires were distributed to stakeholders a response rate of 66% thereby achieved acceptable for the construction industry. 86 % of respondents were over 30 years of age. While 67 % of respondents were having experience of over 10 years in construction. Maximum of the respondents were at the key positions in their organizations. Results of the survey have vividly shown that the construction industry faces many challenges and uncertainties. The trends are that as the business environment grows more complex and dynamic, the risks and uncertainties which construction organizations face also get complex and significant.   

Keywords:

risk management,construction industries,uncertainties,

Refference:

I. Acar, E., Göç, Y., 2011. Prediction of risk perception by owners’ psychological traits in small building contractors. Construction Management and Economics. 29, 841–852. doi:10.1080/01446193.2011.611521
II. Adeed Khan, Asif Subhan, Muhammad Hasnain, Mohammad Adil, Muhammad Amar Rafiq, Mehre Munir. : Identification of Risk Management in Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Project Peshawar. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.2, March-April (2019) pp 87-99
III. Akintoye, A.S., MacLeod, M.J., 1997. Risk analysis and management in construction. International Journal of Project Management. 15, 31–38. doi:10.1016/S0263-7863(96)00035-X
IV. Cagliano, A.C., Grimaldi, S., Rafele, C., 2015. Choosing project risk management techniques. A theoretical framework. Journal of Risk Research. 18, 232– 248. doi:10.1080/13669877.2014.896398
V. Hwang, B.-G., Zhao, X., Toh, L.P., 2014. Risk management in small construction projects in Singapore: Status, barriers and impact. Int. Journal. Project. Managers. 32, 116–124. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.01.007
VI. Iqbal, S., Choudhry, R.M., Holschemacher, K., Ali, A., Tamošaitienė, J., 2015. Risk management in construction projects. Technol. Econ. Dev. Econ. 21, 65– 78. doi:10.3846/20294913.2014.994582
VII. Kaplinski, O., 2013. Risk Management of Construction Works by Means of the Utility Theory: A Case Study. Procedia Engineering. 57, 533–539. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.068
VIII. Muhammad Iqbal1*, Imtiaz Khan2 , Fawad Ahmad3 , Muhammad Zeeshan Ahad4 , Mehre Munir. : Factors Affecting the Performance of Construction Projects in, J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-14, No.-3, May-June (2019) pp 336-358
IX. Nieto-Morote, A., Ruz-Vila, F., 2011. A fuzzy approach to construction project risk assessment. International Journal of Project Management. 29, 220–231. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.02.002
X. Tang, W., Qiang, M., Duffield, C., Young, D., Lu, Y., 2007. Risk Management in the Chinese Construction Industry. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 133, 944–956. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:12(944)

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