Journal Vol – 16 No -11, November 2021

Abstract:

The world is facing multi-wave transmission of COVID-19 pandemics, and investigations are rigorously carried out on modeling the dynamics of the pandemic. Multi-wave transmission during infectious disease epidemics is a big challenge to public health. Here we introduce a simple mathematical model, the double sigmoidal-Boltzmann equation (DSBE), for analyzing the multi-wave Covid-19 spread in Iceland in terms of the number of cumulative cases. Simulation results and the main parameters that characterize multi waves are derived, yielding important information about the behavior of the multi-wave pandemics over time. The result of the current examination reveals the effectiveness and efficacy of DSBE for exploring the Covid 19 dynamics in Iceland and can be employed to examine the pandemic situation in different countries undergoing multi-waves.

Keywords:

Cumulative Case,Daily Infection Rate,Double Sigmoidal Boltzmann Equation,Multi-wave Covid-19 Pandemic,Simulation,

Refference:

I. Asish Mitra. : ‘COVID-19 IN INDIA AND SIR MODEL.’ J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-7, July (2020) pp 1-8. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00001
II. Asish Mitra. : ‘MODIFIED SIRD MODEL OF EPIDEMIC DISEASE DYNAMICS: A CASE STUDY OF THE COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS’. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-16, No.-2, February (2021) pp 1-8. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.2021.02.00001
III. Castro, R.D.; Marraccini, P. Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, v.18, n.1 p.175-199, 2006. Available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202006000100013>. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2016.

IV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the U.S.,” 2020. [cited 2020, Apr 7]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html.

V. Chowell, G., Hincapie-Palacio, D, Ospina, J, Pell, B, Tariq, A, Dahal, S, Moghadas, S, Smirnova, A, Simonsen, L, Viboud, C, “Using phenomenological models to characterize transmissibility and forecast patterns and final Burden of Zika epidemics,” PLoS Curr. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.f14b2217c902f453d9320a43a35b9583.

VI. Chowell, G, “Fitting dynamic models to epidemic outbreaks with quantified uncertainty: a primer for parameter uncertainty, identifiability, and forecasts,” Infect. Dis. Model. 2(3), 379–398 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2017.08.001.

VII. Chowell, G, Tariq, A, Hyman, J M, “A novel sub-epidemic modeling framework for short-term forecasting epidemic waves,” BMC Med. 17(1), 1–18 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1406-6.

VIII. Chowell, G, Luo, R, Sun, K, Roosa, K, Tariq, A, Viboud, C, “Real-time forecasting of epidemic trajectories using computational dynamic ensembles,” Epidemics. 30, 100379 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100379.

IX. Dingyu Xue, “Solving applied mathematical problems with MATLAB,” Chapman & Hall/CRC.

X. Elliott Sober, The Principle of Parsimony, Brit. J. Phil. Sci. 32 (1981), 145-156 DOI: 10.1093/bjps/32.2.145 • Source: OAI

XI. Fernandes TJ, Pereira AA, Muniz JA (2017) Double sigmoidal models describing the growth of coffee berries. Ciência Rural 47:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20160646

XII. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

XIII. Laviola, B.G. et al. Nutrient accumulation in coffee fruits at four plantations altitude: calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v.31, n.6, p.1451- 1462, 2007. Available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100- 06832007000600022>. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2016.

XIV. Mendes, P.N. et al. Difasics logistic model in the study of the growth of Hereford breed females. Ciência Rural, v.38, n.7, p.1984-1990, 2008. Available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ S0103-84782008000700029>. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2016.

XV. Mischan, M.M. et al. Inflection and stability points of diphasic logistic analysis of growth. Scientia Agricola, v.72, n.3, p.215- 220, 2015. Available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016- 2014-0212>. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2016.

XVI. Morais, H. et al. Detailed phenological scale of the reproductive phase of Coffea arabica. Bragantia, v.67, n.1, p.693-699, 2008. Available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0006- 87052008000100031>. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2016.

XVII. Pinaki Pal, Asish Mitra, The Five Parameter Logistic (5PL) Function and COVID-19 Epidemic in Iceland, J. Mech.Cont. & Math. Sci., 16, 1-12, 2021.

XVIII. Santoro, K.R. et al. Growth curve parameters for Zebu breeds raised at Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.34, n.6, p.2262-2279, 2005. Available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982005000700013>. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2016.

XIX. Vasquez, J.A. et al. Evaluation of non-linear equations to model different animal growths with mono and bisigmoid profiles. Journal of Theoretical Biology, v.314, p.95-105, 2012. Available from: <http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.08.027>. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2016.

XX. Viboud, C, Simonsen, L, Chowell, G, “A generalized growth model to characterize the early ascending phase of infectious disease outbreaks,” Epidemics 15, 27–37 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2016.01.002.

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Abstract:

The article contains the results of computational experiments for the non-homogeneous Burger's problem and finding its solution by using the non-classical variational-Cole-Hopf transformation approach. On using exact linearization via Cole-Hopf transformation, as well as the application of the non-classical variational approach, then the non-homogeneous Burger's problem has been solved. The solution which is obtained by this approach is in a compact form so that the original nonlinear solution is easy to be approximated. The accuracy of this method is dependent on the types of selected basis and its number.

Keywords:

Burger's problem,numerical solution,Cole-Hopf transformation,non-classical variational.,

Refference:

I. Ames, W. F., “Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations in engineering”, Academic pres, Inc., London, 1965.
II. Bateman, H., “Some recent Researches on the Motion of Fields”, Mon. Weather rev., 1915.
III. Chern, I. L., “Long-Time effect of Relaxation for Hyperbolic conservation Laws”, Communications in mathematical Physics, 1995.
IV. Chern, I. L., “Multiple-Mode Diffusion waves for Viscous Nonstrictly Hyperbolic Conservation Laws”, Communications in mathematical Physics, 1991.
V. Chern, I. L. and Tai-Ping Liu, “Convergence of Diffusion Waves of Solutions for Viscous Conservation Laws”, Communications in mathematical Physics, 1987.
VI. Cole, J. D., “On a Quasi-Linear Parabolic Equation Occurring in Aerodynamics”, Quart. Appl. Math., 1951.
VII. DeLillo, S., “The Burger’s Equation Initial-Boundary Value Problems on the Semiline”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1990.
VIII. Eschedo, M. and Zua Zua, E., “Long-Time Behaviour for a Convection-Diffusion Equation in Higher Dimension”, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 1997.
IX. Flether, C. A. J., “Burger’s Equation; a Model for all reasons in Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations”, J. Noyle, ed., North-Holland, Amsterdam, New York, 1982.
X. Jawad K., Tahir. : ‘DEVELOPING MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF CROWD BEHAVIOR IN EXTREME SITUATIONS’. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.- 8, April (2020) pp 155-164. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.spl.8/2020.04.00012
XI. Hopf, E., “The Partial Differential Equation ut + uux  uxx”, Comm. Pure and Applied Math., 1950.
XII. Lighthill, M. J., “Viscosity Effects in Sound Waves of Finite Amplitude”, C.U.P., Cambridge, 1956.
XIII. Magri, F., “Variaional Formulation for Every Linear Equation”, Int. J. Engng. Sci., Vol.12, pp.537-549, 1974.
XIV. Miller, J. C., Bernoff, A. J.; Rate of Convergence to Self-Similar Solutions of Burger’s Equation, Stud. Appl. Math. 111, 29-40, 2003.
XV. Moran, J. P. and S. F. Shen, “On the Formulation of Weak Plane Shock Waves by Impulsive Motion of a Piston”, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1966.
XVI. Nguyen, V. Q., “A Numerical study of Burger’s Equation with Robin Boundary Conditions”, M.Sc. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and state University, 2001.
XVII. Radhi, A. Z., “Non-Classical Variational Approach to Boundary Problem in Heat Flow and Diffusion”, M.Sc. Thesis, al-Nahrain University, 1993.
XVIII. Wang, W. and Roberts, A. J.; Diffusion Approximation for Self-Similarity of Stochastic Advection in Burger’s Equation. Communication in Mathematical Physics, Vol.333, pp.1287-1316, 2014.
XIX. Whithman, G. B., “Linear and Nonlinear Waves”, John Wiley and Sons, 1974.
XX. W. A. Shaikh, A. G. Shaikh, M. Memon, A. H. Sheikh, A. A. Shaikh. : ‘NUMERICAL HYBRID ITERATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVING NONLINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE’. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-16, No.-7, July (2021) pp 57-66. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.2021.07.00005

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Abstract:

The mangrove ecosystem in the lower Gangetic delta is noted for providing several regulatory services. The major regulatory services include erosion, natural disaster, Phytoremediation, carbon sequestration, siltation, and sea-level rise.  Here, we have attempted to develop a mechanism of assessing and ranking the magnitude of regulatory services offered by Sundarban mangroves based on stakeholder’s views on the subject. The respondents were categorized into five major classes namely policy level worker, researcher, fisherman, agriculturist, and local inhabitant. About 295 respondents belonging to these 5 categories were asked about the types of regulatory services and their respective magnitude by ranking the services between 1 and 6. Finally, based on data generated, three separate Combined Mangrove Regulating Service Scale (CMRSS) were assessed for three sectors (western, central, and eastern) of Indian Sundarbans. The basic root for such assessment is contrasting variations between these three sectors based on geographical features, salinity, and biodiversity. The present approach of analysis can be a road map to identify and empirically score the regulatory services of mangroves.

Keywords:

Mangrove ecosystem,Lower Gangetic delta,Respondents,Regulatory services of mangroves,Mangrove Regulating Service Scale (MRSS),

Refference:

I. Banerjee, K., Roy Chowdhury, M., Sengupta, K., Sett, S., Mitra, A, “Influence of anthropogenic and natural factors on the mangrove soil of Indian Sundarbans wetland”, Archive of Environmental Science, vol. 6, pp: 80 – 91, 2012
II. Bryant, D., Burke, L., McManus, J. W., Spalding, M., “Reefs at risk”, A Map-Based Indicator of Potential Threats to the World’s Coral Reefs, 1998
III. Chaudhuri, A. B., Choudhury, A, “Mangroves of the Sundarbans”, The World Conservation Union, Dhaka, 1994
IV. Kappel, C. V., “Losing pieces of the puzzle: threats to marine, estuarine, and diadromous species”, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 3, pp: 275–282, 2005
V. Mitra, A., “Estuarine Pollution in the Lower Gangetic Delta”, Published by Springer, ebook ISBN 978-3-319-93305-4; Hardcover ISBN 978-3-319-93304-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93305-4, vol. XVI, pp: 371, 2020a
VI. Mitra, A., “In: Sensitivity of Mangrove ecosystem to changing Climate”, Springer, DOI: 10.1007/978-; 81-322-1509-7, pp: 323, 2013
VII. Mitra, A., “Mangrove Forests in India”, Published by Springer, ebook ISBN 978-3-030-20595-9, Hardcover ISBN 978-3-030-20594-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20595-9, vol. XV, pp: 361, 2020b
VIII. Mitra, A., Banerjee, K., Sengupta, K., Gangopadhyay, A., “Pulse of climate change in Indian Sundarbans: A myth or reality?”, National Academy of Science Letter, vol. 32 (1 & 2), pp: 19-25, 2009
IX. Mitra, A., Sengupta, K., Banerjee, K., “Standing biomass and carbon storage of above-ground structures in dominant mangrove trees in the Sundarbans”, Forest Ecology and Management (ELSEVIER DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.01.012), vol. 261 (7), pp: 1325 -1335, 2011
X. Mitra, A., Zaman, S., “Basics of Marine and Estuarine Ecology”, Springer, ISBN 978-81-322-2705-2, 2016
XI. Mitra, A., Zaman, S., “Blue carbon reservoir of the blue planet”, published by Springer, ISBN 978-81-322-2106-7 (Springer DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2107-4), 2015
XII. Pal, N., Saha, A., Biswas, P., Zaman, S., Mitra, A., “Loss of carbon sinks with the gradual vanishing of Heritiera fomes from Indian Sundarbans”, Research Article 4. In: Environmental Coastguards – Understanding mangrove Ecosystem and Carbon Sequestration (Climate Change Series 3). Edited by Abhijit MItra, J. Sundaresan, Kakoli Banerjee and Suresh Kumar Agarwal. Published by CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi, ISBN: 978-81-7236-352-9, 2017, 202 –206, 2016
XIII. Raha, A. K., Mishra, A. V, Das, S., Zaman, S., Ghatak, S., Bhattacharjee, S., Raha, S., Mitra, A., “Time Series Analysis of forest and tree cover of West Bengal from 1988 to 2010, using RS/GIS, for monitoring afforestation programmes”, The journal of Ecology (Photon), vol. 108, pp: 255-265, 2014
XIV. TNC (The Nature Conservancy), “The five-S framework for site conservation: A practitioner’s handbook for site conservation planning and measuring conservation success”, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 2000
XV. Trivedi, S., Mitra, A., Gupta, A., Chaudhuri, A., Neogi, S., Ghosh, I., Choudhury, A., “Inter-relationship between physico-chemical parameters and uptake of pollutants by estuarine plants Ipomea pescarpes”, Proceedings of the seminer: On our environment: Its challenges to development projects, American Society of Civil Engineers – India Section, pp. SC-1 – SC-6, 1994

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Abstract:

The inshore region of the Bay of Bengal is one of the less-studied regions of the world ocean in terms of sustainability of Blue Economy while being one of the most exploited bodies of water to benefit a considerable chunk of the Indian population. For the first time, thirty-six years of in situ data at two locations in the northwestern Bay preferably in the lower Gangetic delta region has been analyzed to identify long-term trends in salinity. The salinity values obtained for Jharkhali and Haldia, situated in the lower Gangetic delta region exhibit extreme contrasting profiles. Jharkhali shows an increasing trend, whereas Haldia shows a pronounced decreasing trend of salinity with the passage of time. The results point towards the vulnerability of Jharkhali station towards corrosion of engineering structures, which might exert a negative impact on the sustainability of Blue Economy in this region.

Keywords:

Bay of Bengal,Blue Economy,Corrosion,Jharkhali,Haldia,

Refference:

I. FAO, “Global Blue Growth Initiative and Small Island Developing States (SIDS)”. http://www.fao. org/3/a-i3958e.pdf. 2014c.
II. Global Ocean Commission. “From Decline to Recovery: A Rescue, Package for the Global Ocean”. 2014.
III. Hoegh-Guldberg O., “Reviving the Ocean Economy: The Case for Action – 2015”, Gland, Switzerland and Geneva: World Wildlife Fund International. 2015.
IV. J. D. H. Strickland and T. R. Parsons, In: “A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis”, Ottawa: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin. vol.167, pp: 293, 1968.
V. Karani P. and Failler P., “Comparative Coastal and Marine Tourism, Climate Change, and the Blue Economy in African Large Marine Ecosystems”, Environ. Dev. vol. 36, pp: 100572 2020,
VI. OCED, “The Ocean Economy in 2030. Paris: OECD”. 2016. http://www.oecd.org/environment/theocean-economy-in-2030-9789264251724-en. htm
VII. United Nations, Independent Expert Advisory Group on a Data Revolution for Sustainable Development, “A World That Counts: Mobilising the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development”, Independent Advisory Group Secretariat. Available from http://www.undatarevolution.org/report/. 2014.
VIII. Voyer M, “Shades of Blue: What Do Competing Interpretations of the Blue Economy Mean for Oceans Governance?” J. Environ. Policy Plan. vol. 23, pp: 595–616, 2018.
IX. Williams P.D., et al., “The role of mean ocean salinity in climate”, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans. vol. 49, pp: 108–123, 2010.
X. World Ocean Council. Frequently Asked Questions. http://www.oceancouncil.org/site/faq.php.

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Abstract:

The traditional method of shrimp culture is a common practice in Indian Sundarbans which is done without any sound scientific back-up, proper feed, and water quality management. The shrimp farmers use a traditional feed of animal origin that often results in deterioration of water quality and disease outbreaks in cultured species. The present paper highlights the effect of the total replacement of animal ingredients in shrimp feed with floral ingredients on water quality and shrimp health. Weight gain, condition index, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, body pigmentation (astaxanthin level) were analyzed in shrimps along with pond water quality. Higher condition index (C.I.) values, survival rate, and gain in shrimp weight were observed in the experimental pond (E) compared to the control pond (C). Low FCR values were observed in the experimental pond than in the control pond. Astaxanthin values in shrimps of the experimental pond were also higher than the control pond which points towards Suaeda maritima as the source of carotenoid in the shrimp tissue.

Keywords:

Shrimp culture,shrimp feed,Suaeda maritima,water quality,growth performance,

Refference:

I. Banerjee, K., “Income generation through eco-friendly pisciculture in Indian Sundarbans: An innovative approach towards sustainable green technology” Report of WOS-B Scheme, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, 1-20, 2009
II. Biswas, G., Jena, J.K., Singh, S.K., Patmajhi, P., Muduli, H.K., “Effect of feeding frequency on growth, survival and feed utilization in mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala and rohu, Labeo rohita during nursery rearing”, Aquaculture, vol. 254, pp: 211-218, 2006
III. Biswas, S., Pal, N., Zaman, S., Mitra, A., “Samosa and Kachuri from Mangrove associate species: An innovative utilization of coastal flora”, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp: 73-79, 2019
IV. Bjerkeng, B., “Carotenoid pigmentation in salmonid fishes – recent progress” In: Avances en Nutricion Acuicola V – Memorias del Quinto Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Acuícola, Merida, Mexico, 19-22 Noviembre 2000 (Eds: Cruz-Suarez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Olvera-Novoa, M.A. & Cerecedo-Olvera, R.), 5: 71-89. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico; ISBN 970-694-52-9, 2000
V. Boussiba, S., “Carotenogenesis in the green algae Haematococcus pluvialis: Cellular physiology and stress response”, Plant Physiology, vol. 108, pp: 111-117, 2000
VI. Bratova, K., Ganovski, K.H., “Effect of Black Sea algae on chicken egg production and on chick embryo development”, Veterinary Medicine, vol. 19, pp: 99-105, 1982
VII. Brun, H.L., Vidal, F., “Shrimp pigmentation with natural carotenoids”, Feed Technology, Aquaculture Asia-Pacific Magazine, pp: 34-35, 2006
VIII. Buttle, L.G., Crampton, V.O., Williams, P.D., “The effect of feed pigment type on flesh pigment deposition and colour in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L”, Aquaculture Research, vol. 32, pp: 103-111, 2001
IX. Cruz-Suarez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Guajardo-Barbosa, C., “Uso de harina de kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) en alimentos para camaron”, In: Avances en Nutricion Acuicola V – Memorias del Quinto Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Acuícola, Merida, Mexico, 19-22 Noviembre 2000 (Eds: Cruz-Suarez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Olvera-Novoa, M.A. & Cerecedo-Olvera, R.), 5: 227-266. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico; ISBN 970-694-52-9, 2000.

X. Cruz-Suarez, L.E., Tapia-Salazar, M., Nieto-Lopez, M.G., Guajardo-Barbosa, C., Ricque-Marie, D., “Comparison of Ulva clathrata and the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Ascophyllum nodosum as ingredients in shrimp feeds”, Aquaculture Nutrition, vol. 15, pp: 421-430, 2009
XI. Daniels, W.H., Robinson, E.H., “Protein and energy requirements of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)”, Aquaculture, vol. 53, pp: 243-252, 1986
XII. Darachai, J., Piyatiratitivorakul, S., Kittakoop, P., Nitithamyong, C., Menasveta, P., “Effect of astaxanthin on larval growth and survival of giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon”, In: Flegel TW (ed) Advances in Shrimp Biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, 117-121, 1998
XIII. Gomes, E., Dias, J., Silva, P., Valente, L., Empis, J., Gouveia, L., Bowen, J., Young, A., “Utilization of natural and synthetic sources of carotenoids in the skin pigmentation of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)”, Journal of European Food Research Technology, vol. 214, pp: 287-293, 2002
XIV. Hansen, H.R., Hector, B.L., Feldmann, J., “A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the seaweed diet of North Ronaldsay sheep”, Animal Feed Science Technology, vol. 105, pp: 21-28, 2003
XV. Harker, M., Tsavalos, A.J., Young, A.J., “Factors responsible for astaxanthin formation in the chlorophyte Haematococcus pluvialis”, Bioresource Technology, vol. 55, pp: 207-214, 1996
XVI. Hasan, M.R., “Nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture development in the third millennium”, In: Aquaculture in the third millennium. Technical proceedings of the conference on aquaculture in the third millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000, 193-219. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome, 2001
XVII. Hashim, R., Mat-Saat, N.A., “The utilization of seaweed meals as binding agents in pellet feeds for snakehead (Channa striatus) fry and their effects on growth. Aquaculture”, vol. 108, pp: 299-308.
XVIII. Ibrahim, A., Shimizu, C., Kono, M., “Pigmentation of culture red sea bream, Chrysophrys major, using astaxanthin from Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, and a mysid, Neomysis sp”, Aquaculture, vol. 38, pp: 45-57, 1984
XIX. Jamu, D.M., Ayinla, O.A., “Potential for the development of aquaculture in Africa”, NAGA, vol. 26, pp: 9-13, 2003
XX. Jeffrey, S.W., Humphrey, G.R., “New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophyll a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton”, Biochemical Physiology Pflanzen Bd., vol. 167, pp: 191-194, 1975
XXI. Johnson, E.A., Conklin, D.E., Lewis, M.J., “The yeast Phaffia rhodoyma as a dietary pigment source for salmonids and crustaceans”, Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 34, pp: 2417-2421, 1977
XXII. Kader, M.A., Hossain, M.A., Hasan, M.R., “A survey of the nutrient composition of some commercial fish feeds available in Bangladesh”, Asian Fisheries Science, vol. 18, pp: 59-69, 2005
XXIII. Kaushik, S., “Use of alternative protein resources for the intensive rearing of carnivorous fish”, In: Mediterranean aquaculture (Eds: R. Flos, L. Tort and P. Torres), Hellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, pp: 125-138, 1990
XXIV. Khan, M.A., Jafri, A.K., Chadha, N.K., “Growth and body composition of rohu (L. rohita) fed compound diet: winter feeding and rearing to marketable size”, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol. 20, pp: 265-270, 2004
XXV. Kobayashi, M., Kakizono, T., Nishio, N., Nagai, S., “Effects of light intensity, light quality and illumination cycle on astaxanthin formation in a green alga Haematococcus pluvialis”, Journal of Fermentation Bioengineering, vol. 74, pp: 61-63, 1992
XXVI. Leupp, J.L., Caton, J.S., Soto-Navarro, S.A., Lardy, G.P., “Effects of cooked molasses blocks and fermentation extract or brown seaweed meal inclusion on intake, digestion, and microbial efficiency in steers fed low-quality hay”, Journal of Animal Science, vol. 83, pp: 2938-2945, 2005
XXVII. Lovell, R.T., “Nutrition and feeding of fish”, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989
XXVIII. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randell, R.J., “Protein measurements with folin-phenol reagent”, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 193, pp: 1433-1437, 1951
XXIX. Maciena, M.J., Murphey, B.R., “Variation in the weight to length relationship among Florida and Northern large mough bass and their interspecific F1 hybrid”, Transitions American Fisheries Society, vol. 117, pp: 232-237, 1988
XXX. Meyers, S.P., Latscha, T., “Carotenoids”, In: Crustacean Nutrition (Eds: DAbramo, L.R.D., Conclin, D.E. and Akiyama, D.M.), Advances in World Aquaculture, 6: 164-193; The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, 1997
XXXI. Mitra, A., “Metallic pollution in the Hooghly estuary: Effects and proposed control measures”, Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp: 49-53, 1993
XXXII. Mitra, A., “The northeast coast of the Bay of Bengal and deltaic Sunderbans”, In: Sea at the Millennium-An environmental evaluation (Ed: Charles, S.) University of Warwick, County, U.K. Chapter-62, Elsevier Science; pp: 143-157, 2000
XXXIII. Mitra, A., Bhattacharyya, D.P., “Environmental issues of shrimp farming in mangrove ecosystem”, Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, pp: 120-129, 2003
XXXIV. Mitra, A., Chakraborty, R., Banerjee, K., Banerjee, A., Mehta, N., Berg, H., “Study on the water quality of the shrimp culture ponds in Indian Sundarbans”, Indian Science Cruiser, vol. 20, no. 1, pp: 34-43, 2006
XXXV. Mitra, A., Choudhury, A., “Causes of water pollution in prawn culture farms”, Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, vol. 2, no. 3, pp: 230-235, 1995
XXXVI. Mitra, A., Choudhury, A., “Heavy metal concentrations in oyster Crassostrea cucullata of Sagar Island, India”, Indian Journal of Environmental Health, NEERI, vol. 35, no. 2, pp: 139-141, 1993
XXXVII. Mitra, A., Choudhury, A., Zamadar, Y.A., “Seasonal variations in metal content in the gastropod Cerithedia (Cerithedeopsis) cingulate”, Proceedings Zoological Society, vol. 45, pp: 497-500, 1992
XXXVIII. Mitra, A., Mandal, T., Bhattacharya, D.P., “Concentration of heavy metals in Penaeus sp. of brackish water wetland ecosystem of West Bengal, India”, Indian Journal of Environment, vol. 2, no. 2, pp: 97-106, 1999
XXXIX. Mitra, A., Trivedi, S., Choudhury, A., “Inter-relationship between trace metal pollution and physico chemical variables in the framework of Hooghly estuary”, Journal of Indian Ports, pp: 27-35, 1994
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XLI. Moretti, V.M., Mentasti, T., Bellagamba, F., Luzzana, U., Caprino, F., Turchini, G.M., Giani, I., Valfre, F., “Determination of astaxanthin stereoisomers and colour attributes in flesh of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a tool to distinguish the dietary pigmentation source”, Journal of Food Additives and Contaminants, vol. 23, pp: 1056-1063, 2006
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XLVII. Okuzumi, J., Takahashi, T., Yamane, T., Kitao, Y., Inagake, M., Ohya, K., Nishino, H., Tanaka, Y., “Inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, on N-ethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced mouse duodenal carcinogenesis”, Cancer Letter, vol. 68, pp: 159-168, 1993
XLVIII. Penaflorida, V.D., Golez, N.V., “Use of seaweed meals from Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria heteroclada as binders in diets of juvenile shrimp Penaeus monodon”, Aquaculture, vol. 143, pp: 393-401, 1996
XLIX. Phillips, A.M., “Calorie and energy requirements”, In: Fish nutrition (Ed: J.E. Halver), Academic Press, New York, 2-29, 1972
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LII. Sarada, R., Tripathi, U., Ravishankar, G.A., “Influence on stress on astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different culture conditions”, Proceedings in Biochemistry, 37: 623-627, 2002
LIII. Satoh, S., “Common carp, Cyprinus carpio”, In: Handbook of nutrient requirement of finfish (Ed: R.P. Wilson), CRC Press, Boca Raton Ann Arbor, Boston, London, pp: 55-68, 2000
LIV. Schuep, W., Schierle, J., “Astaxanthin determination of stabilized, added astaxanthin in fish feeds and pre-mixes”, In: Carotenoids Isolation and Analysis, vol. 1, pp: 273-276. Birkhauser Verlag Basel, 1995
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LVI. Shyong, W.J., Huang, C.H., Chen, H.C., “Effects of dietary protein concentration on growth and muscle composition of juvenile”, Aquaculture, vol. 167, pp: 35-42, 1998
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LIX. Strand, A., Herstad, O., Liaaen-Jensen, S., “Fucoxanthin metabolites in egg yolks of laying hens”, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 119, pp: 963-974, 1998
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Abstract:

West Bengal is a maritime state in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent with a coastal area of 10,158.22 sq. km. The coastal region consists of the Digha coast, which is noted for its tourism and fish landing activities. We highlight in this paper, a load of nitrate and phosphate during premonsoon in the aquatic phase of Digha for more than three decades (1984 – 2020) to observe the trend of these two variables, which are important components of sewage. A uniform increase in the concentrations of the nutrients is observed except in the years 2009 and 2020. A sudden peak observed for both the nutrients during 2009 may be attributed to Aila, a super cyclone that hit coastal West Bengal on 25^th May 2009. The dip in the levels of nutrients during 2020, may be the effect of the COVID lockdown phase in the state during which all the tourism and fish landing activities were completely paralyzed.

Keywords:

Digha coast,Nitrate and Phosphate,Aila,COVID lockdown,

Refference:

I. Agarwal, S., Mitra, A., Pal, N., Zaman, S., Pramanick, P., Mitra, A., “Perturbation in Dissolved Oxygen trend due to Super Cyclone Aila in the Lower Gangetic Delta Region”, Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp: 939-943, 2015
II. Chaudhuri, A., Mitra, A., Trivedi, S., Gupta, A., Choudhury, A., “Phosphate and Nitrate status in the east coast of Indian Subcontinent”, Seminar on Our Environment: Its Challenges to Development Projects, American Society of Civil Engineers – India Section, Kolkata, 1994
III. Choudhury, A. K., Pal, R., “Phytoplankton and nutrients dynamics of shallow coastal stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian coast”, Aquatic Ecology, vol. 44, pp: 55–71, 2010
IV. CPCB, “Municipal sewage pollution along Indian coastal waters” Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, 2002
V. Haggard, B. E., Stanley, E. H., Storm, D. E., “Nutrient retention in apoint-source-enriched stream” Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol. 24, pp: 29–47, 2005
VI. Howarth, R. W., Marino, R., “Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades”, Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 51, pp: 364–376, 2006
VII. Jayachandran, P. R., Bijoy Nandan, S., Sreedevi, O. K., “Water quality variation and nutrient characteristics of Kodungallur-Azhikode Estuary, Kerala, India” Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, vol. 41, pp: 180-187, 2012
VIII. Klaus, K., Pat, H., “Disposal of sewage to the ocean’a sustainable solution?”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 7-12, pp: 121-123, 1996
IX. Lawal, I., Ahmed, A., “Physico-chemical parameters in relation to fish abundance in Daberam Reservoir, Katsina State, Nigeria”, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina. Katsina State, Nigeria, 2014
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XII. Mitra, A., “Mangrove Forests in India”, Publisher Springer, Cham, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20595-9, ISBN 978-3-030-20594-2 (Hardcover), 978-3-030-20595-9 (eBook), pp: XV, 361, 2020
XIII. Mitra, A., Banerjee, K., Sengupta, K., “Impact of AILA, a tropical cyclone on salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of an aquatic sub-system of Indian Sundarbans”, National Academy of Science Letters, India, vol. 81 (Part II), pp: 198-205, 2011
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Abstract:

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbial load in the flesh and gills of the mud crab (Scylla serrata) collected from the Nagendra Bazar area in Diamond Harbour in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. The period of collection coincided with the Pre-COVID-19 phase (June 2018 and June 2019) and the COVID lockdown phase (June 2020 and June 2021). It is observed that the total coliform loads in both muscle and gills are more in the pre-COVID phase compared to the COVID lockdown phase. ANOVA analysis also confirmed significant variations between years and body parts (muscle and gills) for both Total coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) (p < 0.01). The present study is of considerable importance as crabs are consumed by local people as well as exported in several foreign countries like China, Singapore, Japan, and the U.S.A.

Keywords:

Mud crab (Scylla Serrata),microbial load,Total Coliform (TC),Fecal Coliform (FC),

Refference:

I. A. Chaudhuri, A. Choudhury, “Mangroves of the Sundarbans”, India.1, Bangkok, Thailand: IUCN, 1994.
II. A. Mitra, “Status of coastal pollution in West Bengal with special reference to heavy metals”, Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, vol. 5, 2, pp: 135 –138, 1998.
III. A. Mitra, “In: Sensitivity of Mangrove ecosystem to changing Climate”, Publisher Springer, India, DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1509-7, ISBN 978-81-322-1508-0 (Hardcover), 978-81-322-2882-0 (Softcover), pp: XIX 323, 2013.
IV. A. Mitra, S. Zaman, “Basics of Marine and Estuarine Ecology”, Publisher, Springer New Delhi, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2707-6, ISBN 978-81-322-2705-2 (Hardcover), 978-81-322-3819-5 (Softcover), pp: XII 483, 2016.
V. A. Mitra, “Mangrove Forests in India”, Publisher Springer, Cham, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20595-9, ISBN 978-3-030-20594-2 (Hardcover), 978-3-030-20595-9 (eBook), pp. XV, 361, 2020.
VI. APHA, “Recommended Procedures for the Examination of Seawater and Shellfish”, 4th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1970.
VII. Engr Syed Shujaat Ali, Engr Mohsin Iqbal, Engr Yaseen Mahmood, Engr Abdul Farhan. : ‘ESTIMATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER BY PROPOSING RECHARGE WELLS AT NARAI KHWAR HAYATABAD PESHAWAR’. J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Vol.-15, No.-1, January (2020) pp 312-327. DOI : 10.26782/jmcms.2020.01.00025

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Abstract:

Co-ordinate geometry is a particular branch of mathematics where geometry is studied with the help of algebra. According to the concept of Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System, plane co-ordinate geometry consists of Four Positive dimensions or axes. In four-dimensional co-ordinate geometry, the position of a point can be determined uniquely by two real positive numbers on a plane. Here, we shall discuss only the plane co-ordinate geometry consisting of four dimensions or axes. The author introduced four positive dimensions or axes to solve the problems with the help of ‘Rectangular Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System’ instead of the Rectangular Cartesian Co-ordinate System. This is the new concept which has been developed by the author. The author determined not only the distance between two points but also the direction of the line segment between two points on the plane.

Keywords:

Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System,Cartesian Co-ordinate System,Four Positive Dimensions,Plane Co-ordinate Geometry,Relative motion,

Refference:

I. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes
II. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei

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