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Abstract:

Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)is one type of the most prominent semi-crystalline engineering thermo-plastics. The functional properties of PTFE are enhanced with the addition of micro-fillers inorder to increase the utility of the composites. In the current work, three types of industrial Teflon composites with micro-fillers viz. 25% by weight of glass fibers, 25% by weight of carbon fibers, and 25% by weight of graphite along with neat PTFE were used to investigatethe viscoelastic and erosion wear characteristics. From the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) graphs, it was observed that PTFE with 25% by weight of GF has shown peak viscoelastic characteristicsinthree-point bending mode. The viscoelastic properties such asstorage modulus of 1 GPa, loss modulus of 84 MPa and a tand of 0.137 respectively at 140⁰ C were observed from the DMA plots for the sample (PTFE+25%GF).Also, the erosion wear behavior of the same sample has shown good resistance at 1.5 bar and 90^o impingement angle respectively due to the addition of glass fiber micro-filler.

Keywords:

PTFE composites,glass fibers,carbon fibers,graphite,viscoelastic properties,erosion wear,

Refference:

I. A. Patnaik, A. Satapathy, S. S. Mahapatra, and R. R. Dash, “A modeling approach for prediction of erosion behavior of glass fiber-polyester composites,” J. Polym. Res., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 147–160, 2008.
II. A. Patnaik and A. Satapathy, “Erosion Wear Response of Flyash-Glass Fiber-Polyester Composites : A Study using Taguchi Experimental Design,” vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 13–28, 2009.
III. A. Patnaik, A. Satapathy, N. Chand, N. M. Barkoula, and S. Biswas, “Solid particle erosion wear characteristics of fiber and particulate filled polymer composites: A review,” Wear, vol. 268, no. 1, pp. 249–263, 2010.
IV. A. Rout, A. Satapathy, S. Mantry, A. Sahoo, and T. Mohanty, “Erosion Wear Performance Analysis of Polyester-GF-Granite Hybrid Composites using the Taguchi Method,” Procedia Eng., vol. 38, pp. 1863–1882, 2012.
V. G. Suresh, V. Vasu, and G. R. Rao, “Optimization of Input Parameters on Erosion Wear Rate of PTFE / HNT filled nanocomposites,” pp. 2–9, 2016.
VI. H. E. Sliney, L. Research, C. Cleveland, and F. J. Williams, “NASA Technical Memorandum 82779.”
VII. J. K. Lancaster, “Composites for Aerospace Dry Bearing Applications,” in Composite Materials Series, vol. 1, no. C, Elsevier, 1986, pp. 363–396.
VIII. K. Friedrich, Friction and Wear of Polymer Composites. Elsevier Science, 1986.
IX. S. B. Chaudhari and S. P. Shekhawat, “Wear Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and it’s Composites under Wet Conditions.”
X. S. Kumar, B. K. Satapathy, and A. Patnaik, “Viscoelastic interpretations of erosion performance of short aramid fibre reinforced vinyl ester resin composites,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 23, pp. 7489–7500, 2011.
XI. W. Brostow, H. E. Hagg Lobland, and M. Narkis, “Sliding wear, viscoelasticity, and brittleness of polymers,” J. Mater. Res., vol. 21, no. 09, pp. 2422–2428, 2006.
XII. X. Cheng, Y. Xue, and C. Xie, “Tribological investigation of PTFE composite filled with lead and rare earths-modified glass fiber,” Mater. Lett., vol. 57, no. 16–17, pp. 2553–2557, May 2003.

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Abstract:

Secret communication through lossless data hiding techniques is an active research field where payload management is a challenging task. The tradeoff between stego quality and payload capacity generally exists in such fields. To achieve higher payload, interpolation based data hiding techniques (IRDH) are opted in several areas including e-governance, military imagery, medical imaging systems etc. The purpose of interpolation in hiding systems is to provide better hiding capacity without altering the original pixels. Conventional interpolation-based hiding techniques lack in providing high embedding capacity due to some restrictions in embedding rules. Thus, this paper encompasses an effective embedding procedure for interpolation based reversible data hiding schemes to fulfill the capacity requirement. The objective of our proposed scheme is to increase the payload capacity by making use of all interpolated pixels in the cover image with good visual quality. Particularly, the proposed Threshold-based Bit Allocation (TBA) technique efficiently assigns the number of bits that can be embedded in an interpolated pixel. Experimental results show that the proposed interpolation based reversible data hiding technique performs better than many state-of-the-art methods in terms of hiding capacity as well as visual quality.

Keywords:

Lossless Data Hiding,Interpolation based Reversible Data Hiding (IRDH),payload capacity,stego quality,Threshold-based Bit Allocation (TBA),

Refference:

I. A. A. Mohammad, A. Al-Haj, M. Farfoura, “An improved capacity data hiding technique based on image interpolation”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 78, Issue: 6, pp. 7181-7205, 2019
II. A. Malik, G. Sikka, H. K. Verma, “Image interpolation based high capacity reversible data hiding scheme”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 76, Issue: 22, pp. 24107-24123, 2017
III. C. Lee, Y. Huang, “An efficient image interpolation increasing payload in reversible data hiding”, Expert Systems with Applications, Elsevier, Vol.: 39, Issue: 8, pp. 6712-6719, 2012
IV. J. Biswapati, G. Debasis, M. S. Kumar, “Weighted Matrix Based Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using Image Interpolation”, International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Mining (CIDM), Vol.: 2, pp. 239-248, 2015
V. J. Hu, T. Li, “Reversible steganography using extended image interpolation technique”, Computers & Electrical Engineering, Elsevier, Vol.: 46, pp. 447-455, 2015
VI. K. Jung, K. Yoo, “Data hiding method using image interpolation”, Computer Standards & Interfaces, Elsevier, Vol.: 31, Issue: 2, pp. 465-470, 2009
VII. L. Luo, Z. Chen, M. Chen, X. Zeng, Z. Xiong, “Reversible Image Watermarking Using Interpolation Technique”, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Vol.: 5, Issue: 1, pp. 187-193, 2010
VIII. M. A. Wahed, H. Nyeem, “Reversible data hiding with interpolation and adaptive embedding”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 78, Issue: 8, pp. 10795-10819, 2019
IX. M. Mahasree, N. Puviarasan, P Aruna, “Pixel Value Ordering Based Reversible Data Hiding with Novel MPBS Strategy”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), Vol.: 9, Issue: 3, pp. 1518-1524, 2020
X. M. Tang, J. Hu, W. Song, “A high capacity image steganography using multi-layer embedding”, Optik, Elsevier, Vol.: 125, Issue: 15, pp. 3972-3976, 2014
XI. P. V. S. Govind, M. Wilsey, “A New Reversible Data Hiding Scheme with Improved Capacity Based on Directional Interpolation and Difference Expansion”, International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICICT 2014), pp. 491-498, 2015
XII. S. Meikap, B. Jana, “Directional PVO for reversible data hiding scheme with image interpolation”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 77, Issue: 23, pp. 31281-31311, 2018
XIII. T. Lu, “Adaptive (k, F1) interpolation-based hiding scheme”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, Vol.: 76, Issue: 2, pp. 1827-1855, 2017
XIV. T. Lu, “An interpolation-based lossless hiding scheme based on message recoding mechanism”, Optik, Elsevier, Vol.: 130, pp. 1377-1396, 2017
XV. X. Wang, C. Chang, T. Nguyen, M. Li, “Reversible data hiding for high quality images exploiting interpolation and direction order mechanism”, Digital Signal Processing, Elsevier, Vol.: 23, pp. 569-577, 2013

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