Archive

Abstract:

Alcohol based fuels can be produced from renewable energy sources and has the potential to reduce pollutant emissions due to their oxygenated nature. Lighter alcohols like ethanol and methanol are easily miscible with gasoline and by blending alcohols with gasoline; a part of conventional fuel can be replaced while contributing to fuel economy. Several researchers tested various ethanol blends on different engine test rigs and identified ethanol as one of the most promising ecofriendly fuels for spark ignition engine. Its properties  high octane number, high latent heat of vaporization give better performance characteristics and reduces exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. This paper focuses on studying the effects of blending 50 of ethanol by volume with gasoline as it hardly needs engine modifications. Gasoline (E0) and E50 fuels were investigated experimentally on single-cylinder, four-stroke port fuel injection spark ignition engine by varying engine speed from 1500 rpm to 3500 rpm. Performance Characteristics like torque, brake power, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency and exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, CO₂, NOx were studied..

Keywords:

Ethanol,Emissions,Gasoline,Port fuel Injection,

Refference:

I Badrawada, I. G. G., and A. A. P. Susastriawan. “Influence of ethanol–gasoline blend on performance and emission of four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle.” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (2019): 1-6.
II Doğan, Battal, et al. “The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis.” Applied Thermal Engineering 120 (2017): 433-443.
III Efemwenkiekie, U. Ka, et al. “Comparative Analysis of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Local Ethanol and Gasoline Blends.” Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019): 1079-1086.
IV Galloni, E., F. Scala, and G. Fontana. “Influence of fuel bio-alcohol content on the performance of a turbo-charged, PFI, spark-ignition engine.” Energy 170 (2019): 85-92.
V Hasan, Ahmad O., et al. “Impact of changing combustion chamber geometry on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline blends.” Fuel 231 (2018): 197-203.
VI Mourad, M., and K. Mahmoud. “Investigation into SI engine performance characteristics and emissions fuelled with ethanol/butanol-gasoline blends.” Renewable Energy 143 (2019): 762-771.
VII Singh, Ripudaman, et al. “Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine.” International Journal of Engine Research (2019): 1468087419838393.
VIII Thakur, Amit Kumar, et al. “Progress in performance analysis of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (2017): 324-340.

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Abstract:

Neurodegenerative conditions and compressed nerves often cause an abnormal foot drop that affects an individual gait and make it difficult to walk normally. Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) is the medical device which is recommended for the patients to improve the walking ability and decrease the risk of falls. Custom AFOs provide better fit, comfort and performance than pre-manufactured ones. The technique of 3D-printing is suitable for making custom AFOs. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a 3D-printing method for custom AFO applications with the desired resistance and material deposition rate. Generally, FDM is a thermal process; therefore materials thermal behaviour plays an important role in optimizing the performance of the printed parts. The objective of this study is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PLA, ABS, nylon and WF-PLA filaments before manufacturing the AFO components using the FDM method. In the study, the sequence of testing materials provides a basic measuring method to investigate AFO device parts thermal stability. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DSC) was carried out before 3D printing is to characterize the thermal stability of each material.

Keywords:

Additive Manufacturing,Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO),FusedDeposition Modelling,ThermalAnalysis,

Refference:

I. J. Pritchett, “Foot drop: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology,” Medscape Drugs, Dis. Proced., vol. 350, no. apr27_6, p. h1736, 2014.
II. J. Graham, “Foot drop: Explaining the causes, characteristics and treatment,” Br. J. Neurosci. Nurs., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 168–172, 2010.
III. Y. Feng and Y. Song, “The Categories of AFO and Its Effect on Patients With Foot Impair: A Systemic Review,” Phys. Act. Heal., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2017.
IV. J. H. P. Pallari, K. W. Dalgarno, J. Munguia, L. Muraru, L. Peeraer, S. Telfer, and J. Woodburn” Design and additive fabrication of foot and ankle-foot orthoses”21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2010 (2010) 834-845
V. Y. Jin, Y. He, and A. Shih, “Process Planning for the Fuse Deposition Modeling of Ankle-Foot-Othoses,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 42, no. Isem Xviii, pp. 760–765, 2016.
VI. R. K. Chen, Y. an Jin, J. Wensman, and A. Shih, “Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses-A review,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 12, pp. 77–89, 2016.
VII. A. D. Maso and F. Cosmi, “ScienceDirect 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis : a design method,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 12, pp. 252–261, 2019.
VIII. B. Yuan et al., “Designing of a passive knee-assisting exoskeleton for weight-bearing,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2017, vol. 10463 LNAI, pp. 273–285.
IX. R. Spina, B. Cavalcante, and F. Lavecchia, “Diment LE, Thompson MS, Bergmann JHM. Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of 3D printing: a systematic review.,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1960, 2018.
X. M. Srivastava, S. Maheshwari, T. K. Kundra, and S. Rathee, “ScienceDirect Multi-Response Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Process Parameters of ABS Using Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) -Based Desirability Analysis,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1972–1977, 2017.
XI. E. Malekipour, S. Attoye, and H. El-Mounayri, “Investigation of Layer Based Thermal Behavior in Fused Deposition Modeling Process by Infrared Thermography,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 26, pp. 1014–1022, 2018.

XII. A. Patar, N. Jamlus, K. Makhtar, J. Mahmud, and T. Komeda, “Development of dynamic ankle foot orthosis for therapeutic application,” Procedia Eng., vol. 41, no. Iris, pp. 1432–1440, 2012.
XIII. Y. A. Jin, H. Li, Y. He, and J. Z. Fu, “Quantitative analysis of surface profile in fused deposition modelling,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 8, pp. 142–148, 2015.
XIV. M. Walbran, K. Turner, and A. J. McDaid, “Customized 3D printed ankle-foot orthosis with adaptable carbon fibre composite spring joint,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016.
XV. N. Wierzbicka, F. Górski, R. Wichniarek, and W. Kuczko, “The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,” Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 283–288, 2017.
XVI. S. Farah, D. G. Anderson, and R. Langer, “Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 367–392, 2016.
XVII. S. Wojtyła, P. Klama, and T. Baran, “Is 3D printing safe ? Analysis of the thermal treatment of thermoplastics : ABS , PLA , PET , and,” vol. 9624, no. April, 2017.
XVIII. G. Cicala et al., “Polylactide / lignin blends,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2017.
XIX. S. Y. Lee, I. A. Kang, G. H. Doh, H. G. Yoon, B. D. Park, and Q. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical properties of wood flour/talc-filled polylactic acid composites: Effect of filler content and coupling treatment,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 209–223, 2008.
XX. Y. Tao, H. Wang, Z. Li, P. Li, and S. Q. Shi, “Development and application ofwood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3d printing,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2017.
XXI. D. Lewitus, S. McCarthy, A. Ophir, and S. Kenig, “The effect of nanoclays on the properties of PLLA-modified polymers Part 1: Mechanical and thermal properties,” J. Polym. Environ., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 171–177, 2006.
XXII. H. J. Chung, E. J. Lee, and S. T. Lim, “Comparison in glass transition and enthalpy relaxation between native and gelatinized rice starches,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 287–298, 2002.

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Abstract:

Agriculture deposits, which remains unused and often causes ecological problems, could play an important role as an energy source to meet energy needs in developing countries ' rural areas. Moreover, energy levels in these deposits are low and need to be elevated by introducing efficient operative conversion technologies to utilize these residues as fuels. In this context, the utilization of a fluidized bed innovation enables a wide range of non-uniform-sized low-grade fuels to be effectively converted into other forms of energy.This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of fluidized conversion method for transformation of agricultural by-products such as rice husk, sawdust, and groundnut shells into useful energy. The present investigation was conducted to know the mixing characteristics of sand and fuel have been found by conducting experiments with mixing ratio of rice husk (1:13), saw dust(1:5) and groundnut shells (1:12), the variation of particle movement in the bed and mixing characteristics are analyzed. The impact of sand molecule size on the fluidization speed of two biofuel and sand components is studied and recommended for groundnut shells using a sand molecule of 0.6 mm size and for rice husk, sawdust 0.4 mm sand particle size.   Also, establish that the particle size of sand has a significant effect on mingling features in case of sawdust. In the next part of the investigation, the CFD simulations of the fluidized bed are done to investigate the mixing behavior of sand and biomass particles. A set of simulations are conducted by ANSYS FLUENT16; the state of the bed is the same as that of the test. The findings were presented with the volume fraction of sand and biomass particles in the form of contour plots.

Keywords:

Biomass,sand,mixing behavior,Volume Fraction,CFD model,

Refference:

I Anil Tekale, Swapna God, Balaji Bedre, Pankaj Vaghela, Ganesh Madake, Suvarna Labade (2017), Energy Production from Biomass: Review, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Volume 2, Issue 10, ISSN No: – 2456 – 2165.

II Anil Kumar, Nitin Kumar , Prashant Baredar , Ashish Shukla (2015), A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Reviews 45-530-539.
III Zhenglan Li, ZhenhuaXue (2015), Review of Biomass Energy utilization technology, 3rd International Conference on Material, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering.

IV Abdeen Mustafa Omer (2011), Biomass energy resources utilisation and waste management, Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development Vol. 3(8), pp. 149 -170

V Rijul Dhingra, Abhinav Jain, Abhishek Pandey, and Srishti Mahajan (2014), Assessment of Renewable Energy in India, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5, No. 5.

VI Paulina Drożyner, Wojciech Rejmer, Piotr Starowicz,AndrzejKlasa, Krystyna A. Skibniewska (2013), Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy, Technical Sciences 16(3), 211–220.

VII Souvik Das, Swati Sikdar (2016), A Review on the Non-conventional Energy Sources in Indian Perspective, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 02.
VIII Maninder, Rupinderjit Singh Kathuria, Sonia Grover, Using Agricultural Residues as a Biomass Briquetting: An Alternative Source of Energy, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE), ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 1, Issue 5 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 11-15.
IX H.B.Goyal, DiptenduldDeal, R.C.Saxena (2006) Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 2Pages 504-517.
X Digambar H. Patil, J. K. Shinde(2017) A Review Paper on Study of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier, International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 4
XI Neil T.M. Duffy, John A. Eaton (2013) Investigation of factors affecting channelling in fixed-bed solid fuel combustion using CFD, Combustion and Flame 160, 2204–2220.

XII Xing Wu, Kai Li, Feiyue and Xifeng Zhu (2017), Fluidization Behavior of Biomass Particles and its Improvement in a Cold Visualized Fluidized, Bio Resources 12(2), 3546-3559.

XIII N.G. Deen, M. Van Sint Annaland, M.A. Van der Hoef, J.A.M. Kuipers (2007), Reviewof discrete particle modeling of fluidized beds, Chemical Engineering Science 62, 28 – 44.

XIV BaskaraSethupathySubbaiah, Deepak Kumar Murugan, Dinesh Babu Deenadayalan, Dhamodharan.M.I (2014), Gasification of Biomass Using Fluidized Bed, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2.
XV Priyanka Kaushal, Tobias Pröll and Hermann Hofbauer, Modelling and simulation of the biomass fired dual fluidized bed gasifier at Guessing/Austria.
XVI Dawit DiribaGuta (2012), Assessment of Biomass Fuel Resource Potential and Utilization in Ethiopia: Sourcing Strategies for Renewable Energies, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol.2, and No.1.

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Abstract:

A spout is a device which is used to offer the guidance to the gases leaving the burning chamber. Spout is a chamber which has a capability to change over the thermo-compound essentials created within the ignition chamber into lively vitality. The spout adjustments over the low speed, excessive weight, excessive temperature fuel in the consuming chamber into rapid gasoline of decrease weight and low temperature. An exciting spout is used if the spout weight volume is superior vehicles in supersonic airplane machines commonly combine a few sort of a distinctive spout. Our exam is surpassed on the use of programming like Ansys Workbench for arranging of the spout and Fluent 15.0 for separating the streams inside the spout. The events of staggers for the pipe formed spouts have been seen close by trade parameters for numerous considered one of a kind edges. The parameters underneath recognition are differentiated and that of shape spout for singular terrific edges by using keeping up the gulf, outlet and throat width and lengths of joined together and diverse quantities as same. The simultaneous component and throat expansiveness are kept regular over the cases.The surprise of stun became envisioned and the effects exhibited near closeness in direction of motion of Mach circle and its appearance plans as exposed in numerous preliminary considers on advancement in pipe molded particular spouts with assorted edges four°,7°, 10°, Occurrence of stun is seen with higher special factors

Keywords:

Nozzle,Supersonic Rocket Engine,Divergent edges,

Refference:

I. Varun, R.; Sundararajan,T.; Usha,R.; Srinivasan,ok.; Interaction among particle-laden under increased twin supersonic jets, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2010 224: 1005.
II. Pandey,K.M.; Singh, A.P.; CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2010, ISSN: 2010-0221.
III. Natta, Pardhasaradhi.; Kumar, V.Ranjith.; Rao, Dr. Y.V. Hanumantha.; Flow Analysis of Rocket Nozzle Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622,Vol. 2, Issue five, September- October 2012, pp.1226-1235.
IV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh. K.M.Pandey, Member, IACSIT and S.K.YadavK.M.Pandey and S.K.Yadav, ―CFD Analysis of a Rocket Nozzle with Two Inlets at Mach2.1, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol 5, No 2, 2010, pp- 308-321.
V. Shigeru Aso, ArifNur Hakim, Shingo Miyamoto, Kei Inoue and Yasuhiro Tani “ Fundamental examine of supersonic combustion in natural air waft with use of surprise tunnel” Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, Japan , Acta Astronautica 57 (2005) 384 – 389.
VI. P. Padmanathan, Dr. S. Vaidyanathan, Computational Analysis of Shockwave in Convergent Divergent Nozzle, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622 , Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.1597-1605.
VII. Adamson, T.C., Jr., and Nicholls., J.A., “On the shape of jets from Highly below improved Nozzles into Still Air,” Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol.26, No.1, Jan 1959, pp. Sixteen-24.
VIII. Lewis, C. H., Jr., and Carlson, D. J., “Normal Shock Location in underneath increased Gas and Gas particle Jets,” AIAA Journal, Vol 2, No.4, April 1964, pp. 776-777. Books
IX. Anderson, John D.Jr.; Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective, Third edition, 2012
X. Versteeg. H.; Malalasekra.W.; An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics The Finite Volume Method, Second Edition,2009.
XI. H.K.Versteeg and W.Malala Sekhara, “An introduction to Computational fluid Dynamics”, British Library cataloguing pub, 4th version, 1996.
XII. Lars Davidson, “An introduction to turbulenceModels”, Department of thermo and fluid dynamics, Chalmers college of era, Goteborg, Sweden, November, 2003.
XIII. Karna s. Patel, “CFD analysis of an aerofoil”, International Journal of engineering studies,2009.
XIV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh “CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software,2017.
XV. P. Parthiban, M. Robert Sagayadoss, T. Ambikapathi, Design And Analysis Of Rocket Engine Nozzle by way of the usage of CFD and Optimization of Nozzle parameters, International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol.Three., Issue.5., 2015 (Sept.-Oct.).

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Abstract:

The driveshaft is a mechanical instrument that is used in automobiles. The other name of the drive shaft is driveshaft is prop shaft. It has one long cylindrical structure consist of two universal joints. By using the driveshaft it transfers the rotary motion to the differential by using the helical gearbox. By using this rotary motion the rare wheels will run. The 3dimensional Model of automobile drive Shaft is designed using CATIA parametric which enables product development processes and thereby brings about an optimum design.       Now a day’s steel is using the best material for the driveshaft.In this paper replacing the composite materials (Kevlar, e-glass epoxy) instead of steel material and itreduces a considerable amount of weight when compared to the conventional steel shaft. The composite driveshaft have high modulus is designed by using CATIA software and tested in ANSYS for optimization of design or material check and providing the best datebook

Keywords:

The driveshaft ,CATIA,automobile,steel,composite materials,ANSYS,Kevla,e-glass epoxy,

Refference:

I A.R. Abu Talib, Aidy Ali, Mohamed A. Badie, Nur Azienda Che Lah, A.F. Golestaneh Developing a hybrid, carbon/glass-fiber-reinforced, epoxy composite automotive driveshaft, Material and Design, volume31, 2010, pp 514 – 521
II ErcanSevkat, Hikmet Tumer, Residual torsional properties of composite shafts subjected to impact Loadings, Materials, and design, volume – 51, 2013, pp -956-967.
III H. Bayrakceken, S. Tasgetiren, I. Yavuz two cases of failure in the power transmission system on vehicles: A Universal joint yoke and a drive shaft, volume-14,2007,pp71.
IV H.B.H. Gubran, Dynamics of hybrid shafts, Mechanics Research communication, volume – 32, 2005, pp – 368-374.
V Shaw D, Simitses DJ, SheinmanI. Imperfection sensitivity of laminated cylindrical shells in torsion and axial compression. ComposStruct 1985; 4(3) pp:35–60.

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Abstract:

Ethanol can be used as an alternate fuel in internal combustion engines. But extensive usage of ethanol is restricted because of its biomass limit. On the other hand methanol can be obtained from different bio-resources and has the potential to be used in engines. To limit the usage of ethanol, a model ofternary blends of Gasoline, Ethanol and Methanol (GEM) has been formulated equivalent to binary blend of Gasoline and Ethanol. The prepared ternary blends have identical Air Fuel ratio, Lower heating value and Octane number as binary blend. In the present work the influence of GEM blends in single cylinder, four stroke, and port fuel injection SI engine in terms of performance and emission parameters have been studied experimentally. The tests were conducted at constant engine torque of 7.5 Nm and vary the engine speeds from 1700 to 3300 rpm. The measured performance and emission values of binary blend E10 (G 90 E 10) and ternary blends E10_B1 (G 91.65 E 5 M 3.35), E10_B2 (G 92.5 E 2.5 M 5) were compared with pure gasoline, G. The results show that GEM blends have similar performance characteristics as binary blends and better compared to pure gasoline. Also exhaust emissions such as Carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) shows decreased values for binary and ternary blends compared to pure gasoline due to oxygenated nature of alcohol blended fuels.

Keywords:

Binary Blends,Ternary Blends,Iso stoichiometric air-fuel ratio,Performance,Emissions,

Refference:

I. Al-Hasan M .: Effect of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emission, energy conversion and management, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 1547-61, 2003.

II. Chaichan MT.: Gasoline, Ethanol and Methanol (GEM) Ternary Blends utilization as an Alternative to Conventional Iraqi Gasoline to Suppress Emitted Sulfur and Lead Components to Environment, Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 38-51, 2016

III. Elfasakhany A.: Investigations on the effects of ethanol–methanol–gasoline blends in a spark-ignition engine: performance and emissions analysis, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 713-719, 2015.

IV. Ozsezen AN, Canakci M.: Performance and combustion characteristics of alcohol–gasoline blends at wide-open throttle, Energy, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 2747-2752, 2011.

V. Pearson RJ, Turner JW, Peck AJ. Gasoline-ethanol-methanol tri-fuel vehicle development and its role in expediting sustainable organic fuels for transport. InIMechE Low Carbon Vehicles Conference, 2009.

VI. Saikrishnan V, Karthikeyan A, Jayaprabakar J.: Analysis of ethanol blends on spark ignition engines, International Journal of Ambient Energy, vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 103-107, 2018.

VII. Sileghem L, Coppens A, Casier B, Vancoillie J, Verhelst S.: Performance and emissions of iso-stoichiometric ternary GEM blends on a production SI engine, Fuel, Vol. 117, Part A, pp. 286-93, 2014.

VIII. Turner JW, Pearson RJ, McGregor MA, Ramsay JM, Dekker E, Iosefa B, Dolan GA, and Johansson K, ac Bergström K.: GEM ternary blends: testing iso-stoichiometric mixtures of gasoline, ethanol and methanol in a production flex-fuel vehicle fitted with a physical alcohol sensor. No. 2012-01-1279, SAE Technical Paper, 2012.

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Abstract:

Catastrophic Failure of engineeringmaterials is due to many reasons that may be because of wear, creep, and the surrounding conditions. New methods are to be explored to make the systems safer and reliable to avoid these problems. To this end, self-healing materials inspired by natural biological organisms that can restore damage are increasingly involved in recent years both in the areas of science and in Industrial usage, due to their success rate in the recent years. Self-healing Polymer CompositesSHPC found possible applications in shape memory, self-healing, self-heating, self-cleaning and energy harvesting. In this paper the present state of the art in the field of self-healing technology and the basic chemical processes effectively implemented in the production of organic materials for self-healing is explored with their morphological structures.

Keywords:

SHPC,bioinspired self-healing,Microencapsulation,polymer composites,

Refference:

I. A. C. Balaskas, I. A. Kartsonakis, L. Tziveleka, and G. C. Kordas, “Progress in Organic Coatings Improvement of anti-corrosive properties of epoxy-coated AA 2024-T3 with TiO 2 nanocontainers loaded with 8-hydroxyquinoline,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 418–426, 2012.
II. A. Pilbáth, T. Szabó, J. Telegdi, and L. Nyikos, “Progress in Organic Coatings SECM study of steel corrosion under scratched microencapsulated epoxy resin,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 480–485, 2012.
III. B. J. Blaiszik, A. R. Jones, N. R. Sottos, and S. R. White, “Microencapsulation of gallium-indium (Ga-In) liquid metal for self-healing applications,” J. Microencapsul., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 350–354, 2014.
IV. Benight SJ, Wang C, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Stretchable and self-healing polymers and devices for electronic skin. ProgrPolym Sci 2013; 38:1961-77.
V. Brown EN, Sottos NR, White SR. Fracture testing of a self-healing polymer composite. Exp Mech 2002; 42:372-9.
VI. Carlson JA, English JM, Coe DJ. A flexible, self-healing sensor skin. Smart Mater. Struct. 2006; 15:N129-35.
VII. Cohades A, Branfoot C, Rae S, Bond I, Michaud V. Progress in self-healing fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Adv Mater Interfaces 2018; 1800177.
VIII. D. Snihirova, S. V Lamaka, and M. F. Montemor, “Electrochimica Acta ‘ SMART ’ protective ability of water based epoxy coatings loaded with CaCO 3 microbeads impregnated with corrosion inhibitors applied on AA2024 substrates,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 83, pp. 439–447, 2012.
IX. E. Koh, S. Y. Baek, N. K. Kim, S. Lee, J. Shin, and Y. W. Kim, “Microencapsulation of the triazole derivative for self-healing anticorrosion coatings,” New J. Chem., vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 4409–4419, 2014.
X. Escobar MM, Vago S, Va´zquez A. Self-healing mortars based on hollow glass tubes and epoxy-amine systems. Composites: Part B 2013; 55:203-7.
XI. Guimard NK, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Zhou J, Hilf S, Schmidt FG, Barner-Kowollik C. Current trends in the field of self-healing materials, macromolecular chemistry and physics. Macromol Chem Phys 2012; 213:131-43.
XII. J. M. Chem, M. Huang, and J. Yang, “Facile microencapsulation of HDI for self-healing anticorrosion coatings,” vol. 21, no. 30, 2011.
XIII. K. Thanawala, N. Mutneja, A. S. Khanna, and R. K. S. Raman, “Development of Self-Healing Coatings Based on Linseed Oil as Autonomous Repairing Agent for Corrosion Resistance,” pp. 7324–7338, 2014.
XIV. Kim SR, Getachew BA, Kim JH. Toward microvascular network-embedded self-healing membranes. J Membr Sci 2017; 531:94-102.
XV. Kling S, Cziga´ny T. Damage detection and self-repair in hollow glass fiber fabric reinforced epoxy composites via fiber filling. Compos Sci Technol 2014;99:82-8.
XVI. Malinskii YM, Prokopenko VV, Ivanova NA, Kargin VA. Investigation of self-healing of cracks in polymers. MekhanikaPolim 1969; 2:271-5.
XVII. Mishra DK, Yu J, Leung CKY. Self-sensing and self-healing ‘smart’ cement-based materials-a review of the state of the art, conference: sixth international conference on durability of concrete structures; 2018.
XVIII. Motuku M, Vaidya UK, Janowski GM. Parametric studies on self-repairing approaches for resin infused composites subjected to low velocity impact. Smart Mater Struct 1999; 8:623.
XIX. Pulikkalparambil H, Siengchin S, Parameswaranpillai J. Corrosion protective self healing epoxy resin coatings based on inhibitor and polymeric healing agents encapsulated in organic and inorganic micro and nanocontainers. Nano-Struct Nano-Obj 2018; 16:381-95.
XX. Scheiner M, Dickens TJ, Okoli O. Progress towards self-healing polymers for composite structural applications. Polymer 2016; 83:260-82.
XXI. Tee BC, Wang C, Allen R, Bao Z. An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications. Nature Nanotechnol 2012; 7:825-32.
XXII. Tittelboom KV, Belie ND. Self-healing in cementitious materials—a review. Materials 2013; 6:2182-217.
XXIII. U. S. Chung, J. H. Min, P. C. Lee, and W. G. Koh, “Polyurethane matrix incorporating PDMS-based self-healing microcapsules with enhanced mechanical and thermal stability,” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 518, pp. 173–180, 2017.
XXIV. V. V Gite, P. D. Tatiya, R. J. Marathe, P. P. Mahulikar, and D. G. Hundiwale, “Progress in Organic Coatings Microencapsulation of quinoline as a corrosion inhibitor in polyurea microcapsules for application in anticorrosive PU coatings,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 83, pp. 11–18, 2015.
XXV. Wang S, Liu N, Su J, Li L, Long F, Zou Z, et al. Highly stretchable and self-healable supercapacitor with reduced graphene oxide based fiber springs. ACS Nano 2017; 11:2066-74.
XXVI. White SR, Sottos NR, Geubelle PH, Moore JS, Kessler MR, Sriram SR, et al. Autonomic healing of polymer composites. Nature 2001; 409:794-7.
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XXVIII. Wool RP. Crack healing in semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers and filled elastomers. AdhesAdsorpPolym 1979; 12A:341-62.
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Abstract:

Ankle foot orthosis (AFO) device improves the walking ability by hold and directs the position and advancement of the lower limb, specifically ankle movement. The primary function of AFO is to correct the deformities of the damaged nerves and compensate for the weak & paralyzed muscles. Traditional AFOs are handcrafted using plaster moulds for generating patient’s geometry, by a thermoforming process. Hence, the fabrication of a customized AFO consumes more time and expense as well. In the current review paper, it is discussed thoroughly about the upcoming technology known as additive manufacturing and its potential application for the production of customized AFOs. This review aimed to present the different AFOs produced by the additive manufacturing processes along with gait performances and material properties compared to the traditionally manufactured AFOs.

Keywords:

Additive Manufacturing,Ankle Foot Orthosis,Gait Performance,Material Properties,Thermoforming Process,

Refference:

I. A. D. Maso and F. Cosmi, “ScienceDirect 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis : a design method,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 12, pp. 252–261, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.122.
II. A. Haleem and M. Javaid, “3D scanning applications in the medical field: A literature-based review,” Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 199–210, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2018.05.006.
III. ASTM International, “F2792-12a – Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies,” Rapid Manuf. Assoc., pp. 10–12, 2013, doi: 10.1520/F2792-12A.2.
IV. C. E. Dombroski, M. E. R. Balsdon, and A. Froats, ” The use of a low-cost 3D scanning and printing tool in the manufacture of custom-made foot orthoses: a preliminary study. BMC,” BMC Res. Notes, vol. 7, p. 443, 2014, doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-443.
V. C. Mavroidis et al., “Patient specific ankle-foot orthoses using rapid prototyping,” J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2011, doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-8-1.

VI. D. Torricelli et al., “Human-like compliant locomotion: State of the art of robotic implementations,” Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, vol. 11, no. 5, 2016, doi: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/5/051002.
VII. E. S. Schrank, L. Hitch, K. Wallace, R. Moore, and S. J. Stanhope, “Assessment of a virtual functional prototyping process for the rapid manufacture of passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthoses,” J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 135, no. 10, pp. 1–7, 2013, doi: 10.1115/1.4024825.
VIII. E. S. Schrank and S. J. Stanhope, “Dimensional accuracy of ankle-foot orthoses constructed by rapid customization and manufacturing framework,” J. Rehabil. Res. Dev., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 31–42, 2011, doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2009.12.0195.
IX. F. S. Shahar et al., “A review on the orthotics and prosthetics and the potential of kenaf composites as alternative materials for an ankle-foot orthosis,” J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., vol. 99, no. June, pp. 169–185, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.020.
X. H. Bikas, P. Stavropoulos, and G. Chryssolouris, “Additive manufacturing methods and modelling approaches : a critical review,” pp. 389–405, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s00170-015-7576
XI. J. Graham, “Foot drop: Explaining the causes, characteristics, and treatment,” Br. J. Neurosci. Nurs., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 168–172, 2010, doi: 10.12968/bjnn.2010.6.4.47792.
XII. J. P. Deckers, M. Vermandel, J. Geldhof, E. Vasiliauskaite, M. Forward, and F. Plasschaert, “Development and clinical evaluation of laser-sintered ankle foot orthoses,” Plast. Rubber Compos., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 42–46, 2018, doi: 10.1080/14658011.2017.1413760.
XIII. L. Aydin and S. Kucuk, “A method for more accurate FEA results on a medical device developed by 3D technologies,” Polym. Adv. Technol., vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 2281–2286, 2018, doi: 10.1002/pat.4339.
XIV. L. S. Milusheva, D. Tochev, “Virtual models and prototype of an individual ankle-foot orthosis. In ISB XXth Congress—ASB29th Annual Meeting, 2005, Cleveland, Ohio,” p. 2004, 2004.

XV. M. Alam, I. A. Choudhury, A. Bin Mamat, and S. Hussain, “Computer aided design and fabrication of a custom articulated ankle-foot orthosis,” J. Mech. Med. Biol., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1–14, 2015, doi: 10.1142/S021951941550058X.
XVI. M. Alam, I. A. Choudhury, and A. Bin Mamat, “Mechanism and Design Analysis of Articulated Ankle Foot Orthoses for Drop-Foot,” vol. 2014, 2014.
XVII. M. C. Faustini, R. R. Neptune, R. H. Crawford, and S. J. Stanhope, “Manufacture of passive dynamic ankle-foot orthoses using selective laser sintering,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 784–790, 2008, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2007.912638.

XVIII. M. S. Alqahtani, A. Al-Tamimi, H. Almeida, G. Cooper, and P. Bartolo, “A review on the use of additive manufacturing to produce lower limb orthoses,” Prog. Addit. Manuf., no. 0123456789, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s40964-019-00104-7.
XIX. M. Walbran, K. Turner, and A. J. McDaid, “Customized 3D printed ankle-foot orthosis with adaptable carbon fiber composite spring joint,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016, doi: 10.1080/23311916.2016.1227022.
XX. N. G. Harper, E. M. Russell, J. M. Wilken, and R. R. Neptune, “Selective laser sintered versus carbon fiber passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthoses: A comparison of patient walking performance,” J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 136, no. 9, 2014, doi: 10.1115/1.4027755
XXI. N. Guo and M. C. Leu, “Additive manufacturing: Technology, applications and research needs,” Front. Mech. Eng., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 215–243, 2013,doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0248-8.
XXII. O. A. Mohamed, S. H. Masood, and J. L. Bhowmik, “Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters : a review of current research and future prospects,” pp. 42–53, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s40436-014-0097-7.
XXIII. O. Ciobanu and M. Rotariu, “Photogrammetric scanning and applications in medicine,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 657, pp. 579–583, 2014, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.657.579.
XXIV. Pallari, J. H. P., Dalgarno, K. W., Munguia, J., Muraru, L., Peeraer, L., Telfer, S., & Woodburn, “Design and additive fabrication of foot and ankle-foot orthoses. In 21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF, Austin, TX.,” pp. 834–845, 2010.
XXV. R. Banga, H.K., Belokar, R.M., Kalra, P. and Kumar, “‘Fabrication and stress analysis of ankle-foot orthosis with additive manufacturing,’ Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-08-2016-0125.”
XXVI. R. K. Chen, L. Chen, B. L. Tai, Y. Wang, A. J. Shih, and J. Wensman, “Additive manufacturing of personalized ankle-foot orthosis,” Trans. North Am. Manuf. Res. Inst. SME, vol. 42, no. January, pp. 381–389, 2014.
XXVII. S. E. Brown, E. Russell Esposito, and J. M. Wilken, “The effect of ankle-foot orthosis alignment on walking in individuals treated for traumatic lower extremity injuries,” J. Biomech., vol. 61, pp. 51–57, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.037.
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XXX. S. Milusheva, E. Tosheva, D. Tochev, and Y. Toshev, “Personalized Ankle Foot Orthosis With Exchangeable Elastic Elements,” J. Biomech., vol. 40, no. 6, p. S592, 2007, doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70580-8.
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XXXII. S. Telfer, J. Pallari, J. Munguia, K. Dalgarno, M. McGeough, and J. Woodburn, “Embracing additive manufacture: Implications for foot and ankle orthosis design,” BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., vol. 13, 2012, doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-84.
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XXXV. Y. H. Cha et al., “Ankle-foot orthosis made by 3D printing technique and automated design software,” Appl. Bionics Biomech., vol. 2017, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/9610468.

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Abstract:

The main aim of this paper is to avoid the critical speed at low rotational velocities for three different cases,  i.e. shaft without rotor, single rotor system and two rotor system. The critical speeds of these rotor systemsareanalyzed with two boundary conditions, viz. one end supported, both ends supported. Moreover, the rotors are mounted at two different positions: single rotor is placed at middle of the shaft and the same rotor is split into two halves and kept at equal distance from the either end of shaft. This critical speed analysis is carried out on both solid and hollow shafts. The range of rotational speed for the analyses considered in between 0 to 5000 rpm.The critical speeds of various rotor systems are studied using Campbell diagram and it is observed that, the critical speeds are altered by changing the boundary conditions and replacing the solid shaft with hollow shaft of same torsional stiffness as well. 

Keywords:

Campbell diagram,Natural frequency,Critical speed, Modes,Torsional stiffness,

Refference:

I. Aditya Sukma Nugraha, Imam Djunaedi, and Hilman Syaeful Alam, “Evaluation of Critical Speed of the Rotor Generator System Based on ANSYS”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vols. 799-800, pp 625-628, 2015.
II. Bing Bai, Lixiang Zhang, Tao Guo, Chaoqun Liu, “Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of the Main Shaft System in a Hydro-turbine Based on ANSYS”, Procedia Engineering, volume 31, pp 654 – 658, 2012.
III. Harisha S., Y.J. Suresh, “Rotor Dynamics Analysis of a Multistage Centrifugal Pump”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 9, 2014.
IV. Hilman Syaeful Alam, Bahrudin, Anto Tri Sugiarto, “Dynamic Analysis of Shaft System of Micro Bubble Generating Pump”, International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing, Vol. 5, pp 205-208, 2017.
V. Korody Jagannath, “Evaluation of Critical Speed of Generator Rotor with external load”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 1, Issue 11, pp 11-16, 2012.
VI. L. M. Greenhill, G. A. Cornejo,“Critical Speeds Resulting from Unbalance Excitation of Backward Whirl”, Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Volume 3, pp. 991-1000, ASME 1995.
VII. Muhammad T. H., Umar S. U, Aisha Sa’ad, “FEA and Modal Analysis of a Damped Flywheel with Unbalanced Masses”, Applications of Modelling and Simulation, Vol 4, pp 21-30, 2020.
VIII. Nagaraju Tenali, Srinivas Kadivendi, “Rotor Dynamic Analysis of Steam Turbine Rotor Using ANSYS”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Robotics Research, Vol. 3, 2014.
IX. Pingchao Yu, Dayi Zhang, Yanhong Ma, Jie Hong, “Dynamic modeling and vibration characteristics analysis of the aero-engine dual-rotor system with Fan blade out”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Volume 106, pp 158–175, 2018.
X. R. Tamrakar, N. D. Mittal, “Campbell diagram analysis of open cracked rotor”, Engineering Solid Mechanics, Volume 4, issue 3, pp 159-166, 2016.
XI. Shuji Tanaka, Masayoshi Esashi, Kousuke Isomura, Kousuke Hikichi, Yuki Endo, Shinichi Togo “Hydroinertia Gas Bearing System to Achieve 470 m/s Tip Speed of 10 mm Diameter Impellers”, Journal of Tribology, Volume 129, pp 655-659, 2007.
XII. Silani, M., Ziaei-Rad, S., Talebi, H., “Vibration analysis of rotating systems with open and breathing cracks”, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(24), 9907-9921, 2013.

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Abstract:

The current research has been aimed to study densification of Al-Mg alloy which was made with optimum sized Nanopowders through Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) technique. Al-Mg alloy nanopowder was synthesized through high energy ball milling process in the optimised condition. XRD was used to analyze the crystallite sizes of powders prepared at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 hrs in ball mill and the minimum crystallite size of 20.388nm achieved at 30hrs was found to be the best milling time. Consolidated specimens were prepared at three working conditions; without back pressure, with back pressure and with back pressure at high temperature (250°C). At each working condition, two passes were made to get better densification in the specimen. The specimens were analyzed for hardness, density, and microstructure. It was found that 92.11% of dense material was formed with a hardness of 64HR_B.

Keywords:

Consolidation,Pressure,Milling,Crystallite,Channel,Temperature,Powder,Density,Hardness,

Refference:

Aluminium Alloys – Aluminium 5083 Properties, Fabrication and Applications.https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2804

II. Ayati, V.; Parsa, M. H.; Mirzadeh, H. Deformation of Pure Aluminum Along the Groove Path of ECAP-Conform Process: Deformation of Pure Aluminum Along the Groove Path…. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2016, 18 (2), 319–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201500251.
III. Bathula, S.; Anandani, R. C.; Dhar, A.; Srivastava, A. K. Microstructural Features and Mechanical Properties of Al 5083/SiCp Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Produced by High Energy Ball Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2012, 545, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.02.095.
IV. Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP): Part One.https://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=ktn&LN=ES&NM=367
V. Ghadimi, S.; Sedighi, M.; Djavanroodi, F.; Asgari, A. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Cu–Al Bimetallic Tube Produced by ECAP. Mater. Manuf. Process. 2015, 30 (10), 1256–1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.984210.
VI. Gudimetla, K.; Chaithanyakrushna, B.; Chandra Sekhar, K.; Ravisankar, B.; Kumaran, S. Densification and Consolidation of Al 5083 Alloy Powder by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2014, 592–594, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.592-594.112.
VII. Haouaoui, M.; Karaman, I.; Harwig, K. T.; Maier, H. J. Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Bulk Copper Obtained by Consolidation of Micro- and Nanopowders Using Equal-Channel Angular Extrusion. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2004, 35 (9), 2935–2949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0241-2.
VIII. Hasani Najafabadi, S. H.; Lotfi Neyestanak, A. A.; Daneshmand, S. Behavior Evaluation and Effects of Different Lubricants in ECAP Process. Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 2017, 69 (5), 701–707. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-05-2016-0097.
IX. Hilšer, O.; Rusz, S.; Szkandera, P.; Čížek, L.; Kraus, M.; Džugan, J.; Maziarz, W. Study of the Microstructure, Tensile Properties and Hardness of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation. Metals 2018, 8 (10), 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8100776.
X. Matvija, M.; Fujda, M.; Milkovič, O.; Vojtko, M.; Kočiško, R.; Glogovský, M. Microstructure Changes and Improvement in the Mechanical Properties of As-Cast AlSi7MgCu0.5 Alloy Induced by the Heat Treatment and ECAP Technique at Room Temperature. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 2018, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5697986.
XI. Paydar, M. H.; Reihanian, M.; Bagherpour, E.; Sharifzadeh, M.; Zarinejad, M.; Dean, T. A. Consolidation of Al Particles through Forward Extrusion-Equal Channel Angular Pressing (FE-ECAP). Mater. Lett. 2008, 62 (17–18), 3266–3268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2008.02.038.
XII. Pourdavood, M.; Sedighi, M.; Asgari, A. ECAP Process Capability in Producing a Power Transmission Bimetallic Rod. Mater. Manuf. Process. 2018, 33 (8), 873–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1376080.
XIII. Ramesh Kumar, S.; Ravisankar, B.; Sathya, P.; Thomas Paul, V.; Vijayalakshmi, M. Equal Channel Angular Pressing of an Aluminium Magnesium Alloy at Room Temperature. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 2014, 67 (4), 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-013-0361-8.
XIV. Ravisankar, B. Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). In Handbook of Mechanical Nanostructuring; Aliofkhazraei, M., Ed.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2015; pp 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527674947.ch13.
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XVII. Semenova, I. P.; Valiev, R. Z.; Langdon, T. G. High-Pressure Torsion and Equal-Channel Angular Pressing. In Nanocrystalline Titanium; Elsevier, 2019; pp 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814599-9.00001-8.
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XX. Venkatachalam, P.; Ramesh Kumar, S.; Ravisankar, B.; Thomas Paul, V.; Vijayalakshmi, M. Effect of Processing Routes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2014 Al Alloy Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2010, 20 (10), 1822–1828. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60380-0.
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XXII. Zhang, H.; Xu, C.; Xiao, W.; Ameyama, K.; Ma, C. Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Al5083 Alloy with Graphene Nanoplates Prepared by Ball Milling and Hot Extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2016, 658, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.076.

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