Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020

Abstract:

Surface quality is a vital aspect  to assess the eminence of products that chooses wear and also stimuli quality of assemblies. The research journal article is focused to estimate the surface quality during helical milling with ultrasonic vibration assistance to workpiece. This study presents an investigation of surface eminence on ultrasonic machining (UM) of difficult to cut material of D2 steel, an effort was  made for modeling response i.e. surface roughness(Ra) in UM technique by means of DESIGN EXPERT software. Three operational factors i.e. spindle speed(N), axial depth(ap)  each at two levels and orbital speed(nc) of four levels were  varied to investigate surface quality variations with respect to levels of operational factors. The ANOVA was performed to ascertain importance of model established. The testings outcomes confirms validity and competence of model developed.

Keywords:

Surface quality ,ultrasonic vibration,ANOVA,Helical milling,

Refference:

Bhuvnesh Bhardwaj, Rajesh Kumar, Pradeep K. Singh, et al., “Surface roughness prediction model for turning of AISI 1019 steel using response surface methodology and Box-Cox transformation”, Proc. Inst. Mech. E Part B: J. Eng. Manuf. 228 (2) (2014) 223–232.
II. C. Sanjay, C. Jyothi, “A study of surface roughness in drilling using mathematical analysis and neural networks”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.29, pp. 846–852, 2006.
III. D. Dinakaran, S. Sampathkumar, K. Madhivanan, “An experimental investigation of surface roughness monitoring in surface grinding through ultrasonic technique”, Mechatronics and Intelligent Manufacturing, vol.1, pp.107-118, 2012.
IV. M. Subramanian, M. Sakthivel, K. Sooryaprakash, R. Sudhakaran, “Optimization of end mill tool geometry parameters for Al7075-T6 machining operations based on vibration amplitude by response surface methodology”, Measurement 46 (2013) 4005–4022.
V. Nitesh Dhar Badgayan, Ankan Mishra, Sameer Panda, “Prediction of Surface Roughness on Ultrasonic Machining Of Titanium Using Response Surface Methodology”, Proceedings of the ICIET’14, Volume 3, Special Issue 3, March 2014, Tamilnadu, India, pp. 1234-1236.
VI. Q. Zhao, X. Qin, C. Ji, Y. Li, D. Sun, Y. Jin, “Tool life and hole surface integrity studies for hole-making of Ti6Al4V alloy”, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 79 (5–8) (2015) 1017–1026.
VII. R. Iyer, P. Koshy, E. Ng, “Helical milling: an enabling technology for hard machining precision holes in AISI D2 tool steel”, Int. J. Mach. Tool Manufact. 47 (2) (2007) 205–210.
VIII. R.B.D. Pereira, L.C. Brandão, A.P. de Paiva, J.R. Ferreira, J.P. Davim, “A review of helical milling process”, Int. J. Mach. Tool Manufact. 120 (2017) 27–48.
IX. Sanjay, Prithvi, “Hybrid intelligence systems and artificial neural network (ANN) approach for modeling of surface roughness in drilling”, Cogent Engineering, vol.1 (1), 2014.
X. Vishy Karri, Tossapol Kiatcharoenpol, “Prediction of internal surface roughness in drilling using three feed forward neural networks – a comparsion”, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP’OZ) , vol. 4,2003.
XI. X. Qin, L. Gui, H. Li, B. Rong, D. Wang, H. Zhang, G. Zuo, “Feasibility study on the minimum quantity lubrication in high-speed helical milling of Ti-6Al-4V”, J. Adv. Mech. Design, Systems Manufacturing 6 (7) (2012) 1222–1233.

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Abstract:

AA2014 has been extensively used in manufacture of light weight fabricated components similar to commercial automobile components, which requires high strength with minimal weight and along with decent corrosion effect. The traditional welding of thisAluminium alloyed materials generally encounter solidification problems like hot cracking. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an ecofriendly joining process where in the actual melting of material and recasting will not happen. Many of the researchers carried out sufficient experiments for optimizing process parameters and to establish empirical relationships in order to predict better mechanical properties. In the present investigation, a comparative study of FSW between experimentation and optimization of process parameters such as tool rotation speed and weld speed, to attain maximum mechanical properties using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm. From the results it shows that the TLBO gives the better combinations of process parameters which give superior mechanical properties compared to experimental results as well as other optimization techniques.

Keywords:

FSW,Process Parameters, Mechanical Properties,Genetic Algorithm,TLBO,

Refference:

I. W,M,Thomas, E,D,Nicholas, J,C,Needham, M,G, Murch, P,Temple Smith, and C,J,Dawas, Int.Patent Appl.No.PCT/GB92/02203 and GB patent Appl:No 9125978.8, Dec1991, U.S.Patent Appl.No.5460317, Oct 1995.
II. R,Nandan, T,DebRoy, and H,K,D,H,Bhadeshia, “Recent Advances in Friction-Stir Welding:process, weldment structure and properties”, Prog.Mater.Sci., vol.53, pp.980-1023, 2008
III. R, S, Mishra and Z, Y,Ma, “Friction Stir Welding and Processing”, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, vol.50, pp.1-78, 2005.
IV. Anton Savio Lewise, K and Edwin Raja Dhas,J, “A Review of Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium alloys”, International journal of Advanced Chemical Science and applications, vol.5, no.3, pp.28-32, 2017.
V. Thirupathireddy, G, Syed Rabbani Bash, “Effect of weld speed on tool pin profile using friction stir welding”, IJSRM, vol.3, no.1, pp.1892-1896, 2015.
VI. Indira Rani, M, Marpu, RN and Kumar, ACS, “A study of process parameters of friction stir welded AA6061 aluminum alloy in O and T6 conditions”, ARPN J EngAppl Sci, vol.6, pp.2006–2011, 2011.
VII. Khalid Hussain, A and Pasha Quadri, S, “A evaluations of parameters of friction stir welding for aluminum AA6351 alloy”, Int J Eng Sci Technol, vol.2, pp.5977–5984, 2010.
VIII. MortezaGhaffarpour, Ahmad Aziz and Taha-Hossein Hejazi, “Optimization of friction stir welding parameters using multiple response surface methodology”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, vol.231, no.7, pp.571–583, 2017.
IX. Ghaffarpour, M, MollaeiDariani, B and Kokabi, AH et al, “Friction stir welding parameters optimization of heterogeneous tailored welded blank sheets of aluminium alloys 6061 and 5083 using response surface methodology”,J EngManuf, vol.44 no.A, pp.2013–2022, 2012.
X. Yousif, YK, Daws, KM and Kazem, BI, “Prediction of friction stir welding characteristic using neural network”, Jordan J Mech Ind Eng, vol.2, pp.151–155, 2008.
XI. Vidal, C, Infante, V, and Pec¸as P, et al, “Assessment of improvement techniques effect on fatigue behavior of friction stir welded aerospace aluminium alloys” Procedia Eng, vol.2, pp.1605–1616, 2010.
XII. Shahrabi, J and Hejazi, TH, “A new mathematical program based on principal component analysis for multiple response optimization”, IEEE International Conference on Quality and Reliability, vol.42, pp. 445–450, 2011.
XIII. Venkata Rao, R, Kalyankar, VD, multi-pass turning process parameter optimization using teaching-learned-based optimization algorithm, Scientia Iranica E, vol.20, no.3, pp. 967-974,2013.
XIV. Venkata Rao,K, Murthy PBGSN and Vidhu KP, “Assignment of weightage to machining characteristics to improve overall performance of machining using GTMA and utility concept”. CIRP, journal Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol. 18, pp.152–158,2017.
XV. Cheema, MS, Dvivedi, A, and Sharma, AK, “A Hybrid approach to multicriteria optimization based on user’s preference rating”. Proceesings of I Mech E Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, vol.227, no.11, pp.1733-1742, 2013.
XVI. Kadaganchi,R, Gankidi,M.R and Gokhale,H, “Optimization of process parameters of aluminum alloy AA 2014-T6 friction stir welds by response surface methodology”. Def. Technol, vol.11, pp.209–219, 2015.
XVII. Kumar, A and Suvarna Raju, L, “Influence of Tool Pin Profiles on Friction Stir Welding of Copper”. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, vol.27, no.12, pp.1414-1418, 2012.

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Abstract:

Metal cutting or machining is a backbone of manufacturing industries. In machining process, heat is generated and it must be removed with the help of cutting fluid. Generally, hydrocarbon oil based cutting fluid is used, but it leads to environmental pollution and as well as operator’s ill health. Solid lubrication is a good alternative to hydro carbon oil based cutting fluid.In this work, turning process is carried out on Inconel 718 with perpendicular direction textured cutting insert filled with different solid lubricants.Solid lubricants as lubricant materials, which are basically solid but becomesoft due to frictional heat at the point of contact. In this work, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and Graphite solid lubricants are used.Experiments are performed as per L₉ orthogonal array and theeffect of each process parameter is determined through the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result revealed that solid lubricant with textured tool produces a continuous lubricating layer on the surface of the tool due to the thermal expansion of heat produced during machining. This thin layer may reduce friction in the machining zone. Perpendicular direction textured cutting inserts are used to reduce friction and good surface finish is obtained.Compared with MoS_2, graphite has shown better results in terms of surface finishdue to its low shear strength properties.

Keywords:

Turning,Solid Lubrication, Surface finish,Taguchi,

Refference:

I. Debnath, S., Reddy, M.M. and Yi, Q.S., 2014. Environmental friendly cutting fluids and cooling techniques in machining: a review. Journal of cleaner production, 83, pp.33-47.

II. Lawal, S.A., Choudhury, I.A. and Nukman, Y., 2012. Application of vegetable oil-based metalworking fluids in machining ferrous metals—a review. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 52(1), pp.1-12.

III. Ghosh, S. and Rao, P.V., 2015. Application of sustainable techniques in metal cutting for enhanced machinability: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 100, pp.17-34.

IV. Sharma, V. and Pandey, P.M., 2016c. Recent advances in turning with textured cutting tools: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, pp.701-715.

V. Krishna, P.V. and Rao, D.N., 2008. Performance evaluation of solid lubricants in terms of machining parameters in turning. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 48(10), pp.1131-1137.

VI. Song, W., Wang, Z., Wang, S., Zhou, K. and Guo, Z., 2017. Experimental study on the cutting temperature of textured carbide tool embedded with graphite. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 93(9-12), pp.3419-3427.

VII. Song, W., Wang, S., Lu, Y. and Xia, Z., 2018. Tribological performance of microhole-textured carbide tool filled with CaF2. Materials, 11(9), p.1643.

VIII. Lei, S., Devarajan, S. and Chang, Z., 2009. A comparative study on the machining performance of textured cutting tools with lubrication. International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems, 2(4), pp.401-413.

IX. Arulkirubakaran, D., Senthilkumar, V. and Kumawat, V., 2016. Effect of micro-textured tools on machining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy: an experimental and numerical approach. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 54, pp.165-177.

X. Sharma, V. and Pandey, P.M., 2016. Comparative study of turning of 4340 hardened steel with hybrid textured self-lubricating cutting inserts. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31(14), pp.1904-1916.

XI. Padmini, R., Krishna, P.V. and Mohana Rao, G.K., 2015. Performance assessment of micro and nano solid lubricant suspensions in vegetable oils during machining. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 229(12), pp.2196-2204.

XII. Yılmaz, B., Karabulut, Ş. and Güllü, A., 2018. Performance analysis of new external chip breaker for efficient machining of Inconel 718 and optimization of the cutting parameters. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 32, pp.553-563.

XIII. Singaravel, B. and Selvaraj, T., 2016. Application of desirability function analysis and utility concept for selection of optimum cutting parameters in turning operation. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems, 15(01), pp.1-11.

XIV. Wenlong, S., Jianxin, D., Hui, Z. and Pei, Y., 2010. Study on cutting forces and experiment of MoS 2/Zr-coated cemented carbide tool. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 49(9-12), pp.903-909.

XV. Singaravel, B. and Selvaraj, T., 2016. Application of Taguchi method for optimization of parameters in turning operation. Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production, 16(3), pp.183-187.

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Abstract:

Pure copper is reinforced with 20µm ceramic particles like SiCp and TiB₂ using FSP to fabiricate surface composites at constant rotational speed of 1120 revaluations per minutes and speed of the weld at 40mm/min. Cylindrical tapper threaded profile pin made of high carbon high chromium was used to prepare the copper surface composites. Experiments were conducted on a vertical milling machine to prepare Surface composites by varying volume percentage of reinforcements (vol.%2, vol.%4,vol.%6). six combinations of surface composites Cu/2vol.%SiC, Cu/4vol.%Sic, Cu/6vol.%Sic; Cu/2vol.%TiB_2, Cu/4vol.%TiB₂ and Cu/6vol.%TiB₂ were fabricated. The processed composites were examined by using and optical microscope to reveal the microstructure. At 4 vol. % sic particles and 4vol.% of TiB₂ particles the microstructure reveals fine grains (equiaxed) at the processed region as compared with 2&6 vol.% of reinforcements. Mechanical tests were conducted to determine ultimate tensile strength, yield strength. Hardness survey was made on the processed sample and base metal. From the results, it is found that at 4 vol. % of SiC and 4 vol.% of TiB₂  superior properties were obtained as that of vol.% 2 and vol.% 6 of reinforcements. This is attributed to the fine grains formed in the copper surface composites. Cu surface composite reinforced with 6 vol. % of TiB₂ resulted in higher hardness. As the vol. % of SiC and TiB₂ increased the resistance to wear is also increased.

Keywords:

Volume percentage (vol.%),SiCp (Silicon Carbide particles),TiB2p (Titanium diboride particles), Cu/SiC (Copper surface composite),

Refference:

I A. N. Attia, “Surface metal matrix composites,” Materials and Design, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 451–457, 2001.
II Chang CI, Du XH, Huang JC. Achieving ultrafine grain size in Mge Ale Zn alloy by friction stir processing. Scr Mater 2007; 57: 209e12.
III Devaraju A, Kumar A, Kotiveerachari B. Influence of rotational speed and reinforcement on wear and mechanical properties of aluminum hybrid composites via friction stir processing. Mater Des2013; 45: 576e85.
IV L. Suvarna Raju, A. Kumar. “Influence of Al2O3 particles on the microstructure and mechanical
V M. Barmouz, P. Asadi, M. K. B. Givi, and M. Taherishargh, “Investigation of mechanical properties of Cu/SiC composite fabricated by FSP: effect of SiC particles’ size and volume fraction,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 528, no. 3, pp. 1740–1749, 2011.
VI P. Asadi, M. K. B. Givi, K. Abrinia, M. Taherishargh, and R. Salekrostam, “Effects of SiC particle size and process parameters on the microstructure and hardness of AZ91/SiC composite layer fabricated by FSP,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1554–1562, 2011.
VII properties of copper surface composites fabricated by friction stir processing”, Defence Technology, 2014
VIII R. S. Mishra and Z. Y. Ma, “Friction stir welding and processing,” Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports, vol. 50, no. 1-2, pp. 1–78, 2005.
IX R. Sathiskumar, N. Murugan, I. Dinaharan, S.J. Vijay. “Prediction Of Mechanical And Wear Properties of Copper Surface Composites Fabricated Using Friction Stir Processing”, Materials & Design, 2014.
X S. Cartigueyen and K. Mahadevan, “Role of friction stir processing on copper and copper-based particle reinforced composites—a review,” Journal of Materials Science & Surface Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 133–145, 2015.

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Abstract:

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing an arc based metal additive manufacturing creates 3D components with layer by layer weld depositions has a lot of advantages over powder based techniques and has the capability of fabricating medium to large components . The present work focussed on the study of the microstructure and hardness for wall structure fabricated by weld depositions based on Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing technique with different wire feed rates utilized from bottom to top in the build direction. Component fabricated is with 3 slabs with different wire feed rate in each slab and these slabs are deposited with multiple beads and multiple layers by using ABB 6 – AXIS Industrial Robot 1520ID. It is observed that internal matrix irrespective of slabs has insignificant variations in the hardness of the material in the build direction. The microstructure characterization exposes typically a homogenous polygonal ferrite with perlite. In general the overall process looks to be stable with negligible hardness variation. The core idea of this paper is to understand the microstructure and hardness of as-built WAAM components with varying feed rates.

Keywords:

Hardness, Microstructure,Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing,

Refference:

I Apparao and M. V. J. Raju, International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering (ICETE), vol. 2, no. i. Springer International Publishing, 2020.

II Cong, Z. Qi, B. Qi, H. Sun, G. Zhao, and J. Ding, “A comparative study of additively manufactured thin wall and block structure with Al-6.3%Cu alloy using cold metal transfer process,” Appl. Sci., vol. 7, no. 3, 2017.

III J. Ding et al., “Thermo-mechanical analysis of Wire and Arc Additive Layer Manufacturing process on large multi-layer parts,” Comput. Mater. Sci., vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3315–3322, 2011.

IV L. Quintino, O. Liskevich, L. Vilarinho, and A. Scotti, “Heat input in full penetration welds in gas metal arc welding (GMAW),” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 68, no. 9–12, pp. 2833–2840, 2013.

V P. M. Sequeira Almeida and S. Williams, “Innovative process model of Ti-6Al-4V additive layer manufacturing using cold metal transfer (CMT),” 21st Annu. Int. Solid Free. Fabr. Symp. – An Addit. Manuf. Conf. SFF 2010, pp. 25–36, 2010.

VI S. Suryakumar and M. A. Somashekara, Manufacturing of functionally gradient materials by using weld-deposition. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013.

VII S. Suryakumar, K. P. Karunakaran, U. Chandrasekhar, and M. A. Somashekara, “A study of the mechanical properties of objects built through weld-deposition,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf., vol. 227, no. 8, pp. 1138–1147, 2013.

VIII S. W. Williams, F. Martina, A. C. Addison, J. Ding, G. Pardal, and P. Colegrove, “Wire + Arc additive manufacturing,” Mater. Sci. Technol. (United Kingdom), vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 641–647, 2016.

IX Sola and A. Nouri, “Microstructural porosity in additive manufacturing: The formation and detection of pores in metal parts fabricated by powder bed fusion,” J. Adv. Manuf. Process., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 1–21, 2019.

X Wu et al., “A review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: properties, defects and quality improvement,” J. Manuf. Process., vol. 35, no. February, pp. 127–139, 2018.

XI Y. Koket al., “Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: A critical review,” Mater. Des., vol. 139, pp. 565–586, 2018.

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Abstract:

The present work is aimed to investigate the influence of process parameters namely cutting speed, feed and uncut chip thickness ontool life in micro milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Twenty Seven experiments have been planned as per full factorial design with three levels of each parameter using carbide end mill cutters. Surface roughnessand vibration amplitude are considered as responses to evaluate the tool life and to identify significance of input process parameters. In this study, a non-contact sensor, Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) was used to measure the vibration of tool in terms of AcoustoOptic Emission (AOE) signals. A high-speed Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyser was used to transform the acousto optic emission signals in to useful signals like vibration amplitude. In the analysis of surface roughness and amplitude of vibration, optimum cutting parameters were found as 5000 r.p.m. of spindle speed, 40 mm/min of feed rate and 25.6 µm of uncut chip thickness.

Keywords:

Surface Roughness,Micro Milling,Tool wear,Taguchi,LDV,Multi Response Optimization,

Refference:

I. Bhuvnesh Bhardwaj, Rajesh Kumar, Pradeep K Singh, “Surface roughness predction model for turning of AISI 1019 steel using response surface methodology and Box–Cox transformation”, Proc I Mech E Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture,Volume: 228, Issue:2, pp: 223–232, 2014.
II. EmelKuram and Babur Ozcelik, “Effects of tool paths and machining parameters on the performance in micro-milling of Ti-6Al-4V titanium with high-speed spindle attachment”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Volume: 84. Pp.691–703, 2016.
III. Fabio de Oliveira Campos, Adriane Lopes Mougo and Anna Carla Araujo, “Study of thecutting forces on micromilling of an aluminum alloy”, Journal of Brazilian Society of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Volume: 39, pp:1289–1296, 2017.
IV. Hongqiu Liu, Yongjun He , Xinyong Mao , Bin Li and Xing Liu, “Effects of cutting conditions on excitation and dynamic stiffness in milling”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Volume: 91, pp.813–822, 2017.
V. James M. Griffin, Fernanda Diaz, Edgar Geerling, Matias Clasing, Vicente Ponce, Chris Taylor, Sam Turner, Ernest A. Michael, F. Patricio Mena and Leonardo Bronfman, “Control of deviations and prediction of surface roughness from micro machining of THz waveguides using acoustic emission signals”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Volume: 85, pp:1020–1034, 2017.
VI. Rajesh kumar Bhushan, “Multiresponse Optimization of Al Alloy-SiC Composite Machining Parameters for Minimum Tool Wear and Maximum Metal Removal Rate”, ASME, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Volume:135, pp:210-219, 2013.
VII. Rosemar B. da Silva Álisson R. Machado, Emmanuel O. Ezugwu, John Bonney, Wisley F. Sales, “Tool life and wear mechanisms in high speed machining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with PCD tools under various coolant pressures”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume: 213, pp: 1459– 1464, 2013.
VIII. Samad NadimiBavilOliaei and YiğitKarpat, “Influence of tool wear on machining forces and tool deflections during micro milling”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,, Volume: 84, pp:1963–1980, 2016.
IX. Subramanian M., Sakthivel M., Sooryaprakash K., Sudhakaran R.,” Optimization of end mill tool geometry parameters for Al7075-T6 machining operations based on vibration amplitude by response surface methodology”, Measurement, Volume:46, pp: 4005–4022, 2013.
X. Wanqun Chen, Xiangyu Teng, DehongHuo and Quanlong Wang, “An improved cutting force model for micro milling considering machining dynamics”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,Volume:93, pp.3005–3016, 2017.
XI. W Rmili, A Ouahabi, R Serra, R Leroy, “An automatic system based on vibratory analysis for cutting tool wear monitoring”, Measurement, Volume: 77, pp: 117-123, 2016.

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Abstract:

One of the major losses occurring in the engine of an automobile is due to friction between its moving partsThis misfortune is huge and around 15 % of the absolute loss of vitality and directly affects the productivity and toughness of the motor. This work results shows there is significant reduce in friction due to addition of nano particles to the base oil . nickel and copper nanoparticles are added at 0.2 %wt, 0.3 %wt. 0.4 %wt to base oil (Castrol SAE 10W30 4T engine oil) by stirring and later sonication was done by sonicator machine for 3hours. Anti-wear properties were obtained using pin on disc machine under different loads and sliding speed of 1m/s for 2 min. This study led to following conclusion that at 0.4%wt of NiO and 0.4%wt of CuO Nano lubricant exhibited reduction in coefficient of friction when compared to other composition of lubricating oil. Mechanical efficiency and Brake thermal efficiency of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine results was evaluated and compared.

Keywords:

Nickel oxide, copper oxide,coefficient of friction, Efficiency of engine,

Refference:

I. F. Ilie, C. Covaliu, Tribological Properties of the Lubricant Containing Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles as an Additive, Lubricants, vol. 4, pp. 1-13, 2016, doi: 10.3390/lubricants4020012
II. Laad, M., &Jatti, V. K. S. (2018). Titanium oxide nanoparticles as additives in engine oil. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 30(2), 116–122. doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2016.01.008
III. Q. Wan, Y. Jin, P. Sun, Y. Ding, The Tribological behaviour of a lubricant oil containing boron nitride nanoparticles, Procedia Engineering, vol. 102, pp. 1038-1045, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.226
IV. Wu, Y., & Kao, M. (2011). Using TiO2 nanofluid additive for engine lubrication oil. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 63(6), 440–445.doi:10.1108/00368791111169025
V. Xu, Y., Peng, Y., You, T., Yao, L., Geng, J., Dearn, K. D., & Hu, X. (2017). Nano-MoS2 and Graphene Additives in Oil for Tribological Applications. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, 151–191. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60630-9_6
VI. Y.Y. Wu, W. C. Tsui, T. C. Liu: Experimental analysis of tribological properties of lubricating oils with nanoparticle additives, Article in Wear 262(7-8):819-825 • March 2007, DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2006.08.021
VII. Zhang, M., Wang, X., Liu, W., Fu, X., 2009. Performance and anti- 330 wear mechanism of Cu Nano-particles as lubricating additives. Ind. 331 Lubr.Tribol. 61 (6), 311–318. (vii)
VIII. Zhang, M., Wang, X., Liu, W., Fu, X., 2009. Performance and anti- 330 wear mechanism of Cu Nano-particles as lubricating additives. Ind. 331 Lubr.Tribol. 61 (6), 311–318. (vii)

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Abstract:

In the present work investigations have been carried out by simulation to study and examine the roof of a building in corporating PCM for thermal comfort in residential building. Two models were used and the theoretical performance of both is compared by considering one as the reference case. A PCM integrated roof has the potential to maintain a fairly constant temperature within the room due to its huge heat absorbing and storing capacity in a passive manner. Whereas, the ceiling temperatures always fluctuate in a Non-PCM room (RCC room) throughout the day and every day. The results of ceiling temperatures, heat flux and heat transfer rate in the Non-PCM and PCM room were observed and better results are found for PCM Room.

Keywords:

Phase Change Material – PCM,Latent Heat of Fusion – LHF, Sensible Heat - SH ,

Refference:

I Agyenim F, Eames P, Smyth M. Heat transfer enhancement in medium temperature thermal energy storage system using a multitube heat transfer array. Renewable Energy 2010;35:198–207.
II Arkar C, Vidrih B, Medved S. Efficiency of free cooling using latent heat storage integrated into the ventilation system of a low energy building. International Journal of Refrigeration 2007;30:134–43.
III Haoshan Ge, Haiyan Li,ShengfuMei,JingLiu,Low melting point liquid metal as a new clau of PCM; An emerging frontier in energy area-Renewable & Sustainable energy Reviews.21(2013)331-346.
IV Kandasamy R, Wang XQ, Mujumdar AS. Transient cooling of electronics using phase change material (PCM)-based heat sinks. Applied Thermal Engineering 2008;28:1047–57.
V Mondal S. Phase change materials for smart textiles – An overview. Appl ThermEng2008;28:1536–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.08.009
VI Pasupathy A, Velraj R, Seeniraj RV. Effect of double layered phase change materials in building roof for year round thermal management. Energy and Building 2008;40(3):193–203.
VII Santamouris M, Pavlo K, Synnefa K, Niachou K, Kolokotsa D. Recent progress on passive cooling techniques, advanced technological developments to improve survivability levels in low income households. Energy and Buildings 2007;39(7):859–66
VIII Sari A, Kaygusuz K. Thermal performance of a eutectic mixture of lauric and stearic acids as PCM encapsulated in the annulus of two concentric pipes. Solar Energy 2002;72:493–504.
IX Tgagi.VV ,Buddi.D. Thermal cycling testing of calcium chloride hexa hydrate as a possible PCM for latent heat storage. Solar energy mater solar cell 2008:92:891-9.

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Abstract:

The extremely important of Heat Exchanger (HE) is that without mixing of fluid that carries the heat. Substances that leave or absorb large amount of so-called ‘latent’ heat this type of substances are called phase change materials (PCMs) once they undergo a change in their physical state i.e. from solid to liquid and contrariwise. This paper addresses a CFD analysis of phase change materials in thermal energy storage units dominated by heat condition. The result states that by utilization of PCM, the temperature is increment identified in counterflow whereas compared to parallel flow. The heat transfer rate is nearly 20% increased in counterflow.

Keywords:

Triplex concentric tube,Creo 2.0,Heat exchanger,shell and tube heat exchanger,CFD,

Refference:

I. AbduljalilA.Al-Abidi, Sohif Mat, K.Sopian, M.Y.Sulaiman, Abdulrahman. Th.Mohammad, “Experimental study of melting and tube solidification of PCM in a triplex heat exchanger with fins,” Energy and Buildings, Vol.68,pp. 33–41,September 2013.
II. Kun Yang, Neng Zhu, Chen Chang, Haoran Yu, Shan Yang, “Numerical analysis of phase-change material melting in the triplex tube heat exchanger, “Renewable Energy, Vol. 145, pp.867-877, June2019.
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Abstract:

This paper is all about the reduction in the emissions of harmful gases from the IC engine.As we all know that the major problem in the world is air pollution.Thesignificant portion of the air pollution is due to automobiles only .soif we can able to control the emissions from engines that will lead to the gradual decrease in the overall pollution .the simplest method to decrease in the emission of harmful gases from the engine is by sending the pure oxygen into the cylinder. This is possible when we can purify the air by removing all the harmful gases from the air. This paper will explain that purifying method. This method will results in almost 60% reduction in pollution from current stage pollution if we put this method in practices. This method will also improve engine performance parameters. If we apply this method for every vehicle, then we can expect a pollution-free environment.

Keywords:

Elecrolysis,purifying method,

Refference:

I. Bharath.P, Kamalakkannan .K, “Analysis of Brake Thermal efficiency and Oxygen in exhaust using oxygen-enriched air in Compression Ignition engine”- IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE),e- ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320–334X, PP.30-33

II. K.Rajkumar, P. Govindarajan, “ExperimentalInvestigation of Oxygen Enriched air intake onCombustion Parameters of a Single Cylinder DieselEngine” – International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2(8), 2010, PP 3621-3627

III. GarimaShakya,” Problems in Computational Mechanism Design” Doctoral Consortium AAMAS 2019, May 13-17, 2019, Montréal, Canada.

IV. http://www.petroleum.co.uk/how-hydrocarbons-burn.

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