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Abstract:

Therefrigeration sector has great impact on world climate changes. The phase-out of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) often needs to make choices between high GWP alternatives and more planet-friendly alternatives. In this regard, performance of refrigeration systems in countries characterized by long, hot, summers face problems in identifying suitable alternatives due to the impact of such temperatures. This study stands for technical paper to conduct an experimental comparison for the use of R513A as a substitute for R134a. Energy analysis was performed to evaluate performance of both refrigerants. The research was implemented by a device that simulate an automobile (A/C) system unit capacity 3kW. effect of several variables were studied: ambient temperature was varied from 30oC to 50oC step by 4oC, and internal load was (700, 1000 and 1300)W, speed of compressor was 1450 r.p.m and 2900 r.p.m. The results showed that average value of COP of R513A was convergent with slightly higher than R134a by about 1%-2%, and average cooling capacity, mass flow rate were higher by about 1.6%-3%, 15%-17% respectively. The compression ratio and temperature of discharge were less than R134a by about4.6% - 6% and7.5%-8% respectively. So R513A could be considered as a good alternative for R134a without any modification on A/C system.

Keywords:

COP,Cooling capacity,automotive air conditioning,alternative refrigerant,R513A,

Refference:

I. Aljubury, I., Farhan, A. and Mussa, M. (2015) “Experimental Study of
Interior Temperature Distribution Inside Parked Automobile
Cabin”, Journal of Engineering, 21(3), pp. 1-10.
II. Aljubury, I. and Mohammed, M. (2019) “Heat Transfer Analysis of
Conventional Round Tube and Microchannel Condensers in Automotive
Air Conditioning System”, Journal of Engineering, 25(2), pp. 38-56. doi:
10.31026/j.eng.2019.02.03.
III. Carpenter, L.J., Reimann, S., Burkholder, J.B., Clerbaux, C., Hall, B.D.,
Hossaini, R., Laube, J.C., Yvon-Lewis, S.A., Engel, A., Montzka, S.A.

and Blake, D.R., 2014. Update on ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and
other gases of interest to the Montreal protocol. Scientific assessment of
ozone depletion: 2014, pp.1-1.
IV. Dinçer, I. and Kanoǧlu, M., 2010. Refrigeration Systems and
Applications, Second Edition. secondedi ed. Refrigeration Systems and
Applications, Second Edition. United Kingdom.
V. Karber, K.M., Abdelaziz, O. and Vineyard, E.A., 2012, July. Experimental
performance of R-1234yf and R-1234ze as drop-in replacements for R-
134a in domestic refrigerators. In Proceedings of the International
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference (pp. 16-19). Purdue
University.
VI. Makhnatch, P., Mota-Babiloni, A., López-Belchí, A. and Khodabandeh,
R., 2019. R450A and R513A as lower GWP mixtures for high ambient
temperature countries: Experimental comparison with
R134a. Energy, 166, pp.223-235.
VII. Mota-Babiloni, A., Navarro-Esbrí, J., Barragán-Cervera, Á.,Molés, F. and
Peris, B., 2015. Analysis based on EU Regulation No 517/2014 of new
HFC/HFO mixtures as alternatives of high GWP refrigerants in
refrigeration and HVAC systems. International journal of
refrigeration, 52, pp.21-31.
VIII. Mota-Babiloni, A., Makhnatch, P., Khodabandeh, R. and Navarro-Esbri,
J., 2017. Experimental assessment of R134a and its lower GWP
alternative R513A. International Journal of Refrigeration, 74, pp.682-
688.
IX. Mota-Babiloni, A., Navarro-Esbrí, J., Pascual-Miralles, V., Barragán-
Cervera, Á. and Maiorino, A., 2019. Experimental influence of an internal
heat exchanger (IHX) using R513A and R134a in a vapor compression
system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 147, pp.482-491.
X. Mota-Babiloni, A., Belman-Flores, J.M., Makhnatch, P., Navarro-Esbrí, J.
and Barroso-Maldonado, J.M., 2018. Experimental exergy analysis of
R513A to replace R134a in a small capacity refrigeration
system. Energy, 162, pp.99-110.
XI. Rigby, M., Prinn, R.G., O’Doherty, S., Miller, B.R., Ivy, D., Mühle, J.,
Harth, C.M., Salameh, P.K., Arnold, T., Weiss, R.F. and Krummel, P.B.,
2014. Recent and future trends in synthetic greenhouse gas radiative
forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(7), pp.2623-2630.
XII. Mota-Babiloni, A., Makhnatch, P., Khodabandeh, R. and Navarro-Esbri,
J., 2017. Experimental assessment of R134a and its lower GWP
alternative R513A. International Journal of Refrigeration, 74, pp.682-
688.

XIII. Mota-Babiloni, A., Navarro-Esbrí, J., Barragán-Cervera, Á.,Molés, F. and
Peris, B., 2015. Analysis based on EU Regulation No 517/2014 of new
HFC/HFO mixtures as alternatives of high GWP refrigerants in
refrigeration and HVAC systems. International journal of
refrigeration, 52, pp.21-31.
XIV. Mota-Babiloni, A., Navarro-Esbrí, J., Pascual-Miralles, V., Barragán-
Cervera, Á. and Maiorino, A., 2019. Experimental influence of an
internal heat exchanger (IHX) using R513A and R134a in a vapor
compression system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 147, pp.482-491.
XV. Reasor, P., Aute, V. and Radermacher, R., 2010. Refrigerant R1234yf
performance comparison investigation.
XVI. Schultz, K.S. Kujak, and J. Majurin., 2015. Assessment of next generation
refrigerant r513a to replace r134a for chiller products. Proc. 24th Int.
Congr. Refrig.
XVII. Velders, G.J., Fahey, D.W., Daniel, J.S., Andersen, S.O. and McFarland,
M., 2015. Future atmospheric abundances and climate forcings from
scenarios of global and regional hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)
emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 123, pp.200-209.
XVIII. Yang, M., Zhang, H., Meng, Z. and Qin, Y., 2019. Experimental study on
R1234yf/R134a mixture (R513A) as R134a replacement in a domestic
refrigerator. Applied Thermal Engineering, 146, pp.540-547.

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Abstract:

Transportation system in urban areas of Pakistan is facing issues of sustainability. Transportation sustainability challenges must be processed. The sustainable practices deployment is necessary solution to the increasing traffic. While effectiveness of these sustainable solutions mainly depends on the public awareness and their attitude towards them. This research is conducted to assess the sustainable transportation practices with the awareness level of citizens and how they think about them during their interaction to these solutions. The method of this research is selected as quantitative somehow mixed with the qualitative research. To assess the public attitude questionnaire was developed based on the indicators of the sustainable transportation practices. This questionnaire is spread among the resident of Lahore and Karachi city after evaluating their needs for better and sustainable transportation to overcome increasing urban development. The results show that people have overall positive attitude towards sustainable development.

Keywords:

Sustainable Transportation,Urban Transportation,Transportation System,Pakistan,

Refference:

i. Achairi, R. B. (2013). Literature Review: Conditions of Sustainable
Transport.
ii. Akinyemi, E. a. (2000). Sustainable development and transportation: Past
experiences and Future Challenges. World Transport Policy & Practice.
iii. Buis, J. (2009). A new Paradigm for urban transport planning: Cycling
inclusive planning at the pre-event training workshop on non-motorized
transport in urban areas. Seoul.
iv. Black, W. (2000). Socio-economic barriers to sustainable transport. Journal
of Transport Geography, 8(2), 141-147.

v. Cervero, R. (2013). Transport infrastructure and the environment:
Sustainable mobility and urbanism. IURD, Institute of Urban and Regional
Development, University of California.
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from concept to policy (No. 1991). World Bank, Environment Department,
Policy and Research Division.
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establishment surveys: Comparisons of the total design method (TDM), a
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Establishment Surveys (pp. 343-352). Chicago
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Long-Term Effects of Motor Vehicle Transportation on Climate and
Ecology.
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Institute.
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and safety. Economic and Political Weekly, 1589-1596.
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developing countries Pakistan: a case-in-point. International Journal of
Business and management, 6(11), 256.
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xvii. Sayeg P, S. P. (2014). Updated draft results framework on sustainable
transport. Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport. Shanghai.

xviii. United Nations. (2011). World urbanization prospects. New York: United
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perspective. South Africa.

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Abstract:

Background: The sudden occurrence of a disaster leads to considerably high impact on population’s health and on the capacity of health system to respond to the sudden surge of affected population. Emergency departments EDs play an important role in managing patients and providing high quality care in complex situations. Pre existing bottle necks in the emergency service delivery reduces the existing surge capacity of system and renders ED inefficient in providing timely and quality care to patients affected by the disaster. The understanding of patient flow by the hospital can improve the overall efficiency of operations on day to day basis and emergency response. Methodology: This was a cross sectional survey involving all the tertiary care hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. 910 patients were selected using non probability sampling and patient’s progress through ED was mapped and timed from the entry to discharge or admission. Results: Major bottle necks identified during process mapping were overcrowding and long waiting times. Median processing time from entry to disposition was 50mins (IQR 28-72). The median service time experienced by the patients during their treatment in the ED was 15 mins (IQR 15-28.75 min). Overall median waiting time for all processes through which patients passes during their visit to ED was 26 mins (IQR 14-40 mins). The patients who required diagnostic tests (lab, radiology, EG etc) had significantly higher (p=0.00) median waiting time 41 (IQR 32-51) mins. Conclusion: When process mapping is conducted properly, it proves to be a valuable tool for service improvement by identifying flaws in flow of patients, potential bottle necks and duplicate processes. Improving flaws in patient flow can improve patient waiting time which in turn can improve hospital’s existing surge capacity.

Keywords:

Patient Flow,Process Mapping,Emergency Department Waiting Times,Surge Capacity,

Refference:

I. Abolghasemi, H., Radfar, M.H., Khatami, M., Nia, M.S., Amid, A., Briggs,
S.M., 2006. International medical response to a natural disaster: lessons
learned from the Bam earthquake experience. Prehospital Disaster Med. 21,
141–147.
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time in emergencydepartment by simulation. Presented at the ITCH, pp. 196–
200.
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satisfaction in a tertiary referral hospital. J Acad Hosp. Admin 15, 2003–6.
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patients attending an emergency department in a tertiary care hospital. J Acad
Hosp Adm 18, 1–12.
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infectious diseases: Preparedness for H1N1 influenza in emergency
department of a tertiary care institute of India. Int J Infect Control 7, 1–10.
VI. Cooke, M., 2002. Whole system is responsible for solving overcrowding of
departments. BMJ 325, 389.
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Sanz, J.E.G., 2005. Casualties treated at the closest hospital in the Madrid,
March 11, terrorist bombings. Crit. Care Med. 33, S107–S112.
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Report-2008.
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2015. Patient Flow Analysis in Resource-Limited Settings: A Practical
Tutorial and Case Study. Glob. Health Sci. Pract. 3, 126–134.
https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-14-00121
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disasters. Stockholm.
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distribution of patients in the emergency outpatient department of a tertiary
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Abstract:

Plastic which is toxic in nature is found to be nearly 5% in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).A major problem now a days is the disposal of plastic wastes. These wastes are non-biodegradable in nature causing environmental pollution and hygiene problems. The experimentation at several institutes indicated that waste plastic can be utilized in asphalting of roads. The use of these wastes in the road construction is based on Economic, Technical and Ecological criteria. Taking an example of PAKISTAN (Karachi) several million metric tons plastic wastes are produced every year. If these wastes can be suitably use in road construction, the disposal and pollution, problems can be minimized to a large extent. In road making process bitumen is used as a binder. The bitumen can be modified with plastic wastes forming a mix which can be used as a top layer of flexible pavement, showing better binding property, stability, density and which is more resistant to water. In this project we use waste plastic in bitumen by 0%, 3%, 5%, 8% and 10%. We conclude from all test results that with addition of plastic penetration and ductility value decreases while softening point, flash & fire point increases.

Keywords:

plastic wastes,binding property,road construction,Ecological criteria,

Refference:

I. Achairi, R. B. (2013). Literature Review: Conditions of Sustainable
Transport.
II. Akinyemi, E. a. (2000). Sustainable development and transportation: Past
experiences and Future Challenges. World Transport Policy & Practice.
III. Amit Gawandea, G. Zamarea , V.C. Rengea , Saurabh Taydea ,G. Bharsakale
IV. An overview on waste plastic utilization in asphalting of roads Jers/Vol. III/
Issue II/April-June, 2012/01-05.
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inclusive planning at the pre-event training workshop on non-motorized
transport in urban areas. Seoul.
VI. Black, W. (2000). Socio-economic barriers to sustainable transport. Journal
of Transport Geography, 8(2), 141-147.
VII. Bandopandhyay T. K., (Jan. – Mar. 2010), “Construction of Asphalt Road
with Plastic Waste”,Indian Center for Plastic in Environment (ICPE), ENVIS
– Eco- Echoes, Vol.11, Issue 1
VIII. Cervero, R. (2013). Transport infrastructure and the environment: Sustainable
mobility and urbanism. IURD, Institute of Urban and Regional Development,
University of California.
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from concept to policy (No. 1991). World Bank, Environment Department,
Policy and Research Division.
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<http://www3.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/>
XII. Hınıslıoğlu, S.; and Ağar, E. (2004).Use of waste high density polyethylene
as bitumen modifier in asphalt mix.Materials Letters, 58(3-4), 267-271.
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Bituminous Mix for Improved Performance of Roads”, Centre for
Transportation Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India, 2002.
XIV. Khan Amjad, Gangadhar, Murali Mohan Murali and Raykar Vinay,(2013)
“Effective Utilization of Waste Plastics in Asphalting of Roads”,R.V. College
Of Engineering, Bangalore.
XV. Rokade S Use of Waste Plastic and Waste Rubber Tyres in Flexible Highway
Pavements 2012 International Conference on Future Environment and Energy
IPCBEE vol.28(2012) © (2012)IACSIT Press, Singapoore.

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Abstract:

Sedimentation has become a major problem in all over the world and especially in Pakistan. Discharge capacity of the canal has been reduced and the chances of overflowing in critical situations have increased. Cleaning of the sediments from canal require huge resources and the silt obtained after cleaning the reservoir not only will be wasted but will also cause pollution. In order to prevent the pollution and reduce the cost on the cleaning the reservoir, the silt is needed to be used beneficially to generate some revenue. We conducted this project to use this silt beneficially, in our case to manufacture artificial aggregate. A number of tests were performed to check the viability of artificial aggregates for being used in construction industry. Shape and particles size distribution properties of artificial aggregates are excellent but in properties like abrasion resistance, water absorption and compression strength artificial aggregates does not performs very well. However from the results it can be concluded that these artificial aggregates can be used as artificial light weight aggregates.

Keywords:

Sedimentation,silt,artificial aggregate,natural aggregate,weight aggregate,

Refference:

I. Khatib, J.M., 2005. Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled
aggregate. Cement and concrete research, 35(4), pp.763-769.
II. De Brito, J. and Saikia, N., 2012. Recycled aggregate in concrete: use of
industrial, construction and demolition waste. Springer Science & Business
Media.

III. Meyer, C., 2008. Recycled materials in concrete. Developments in the
Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete, pp.208-230.
IV. Christie, T., Thompson, B. and Brathwaite, B., 2001. Mineral commodity
report 22–aggregate. New Zealand mining, 30, pp.6-26.
V. Chang, F.C., Lee, M.Y., Lo, S.L. and Lin, J.D., 2010. Artificial aggregate
made from waste stone sludge and waste silt. Journal of environmental
management, 91(11), pp.2289-2294.
VI Chang, F.C., Lee, M.Y., Lo, S.L. and Lin, J.D., 2010. Artificial aggregate
made from waste stone sludge and waste silt. Journal of environmental
management, 91(11), pp.2289-2294.
VII Lampris, C., Lupo, R. and Cheeseman, C.R., 2009. Geopolymerisation of silt
generated from construction and demolition waste washing plants. Waste
Management, 29(1), pp.368-373.
VIII Chen, H.J., Yang, M.D., Tang, C.W. and Wang, S.Y., 2012. Producing
synthetic lightweight aggregates from reservoir sediments. Construction and
Building Materials, 28(1), pp.387-394.
IX Strokova, V., Zhernovsky, I., Ogurtsova, Y., Maksakov, A., Kozhukhova, M.
and Sobolev, K., 2014. Artificial aggregates based on granulated reactive
silica powders. Advanced Powder Technology, 25(3), pp.1076-1081.

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Abstract:

Amongst various health and risk associated issues, Road safety is also now treated as a Public health problem as per the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). This is so particularly due to a significant increase in the number of traffic injuries. Pakistan is adversely affected by the problem of fatalities. It is the common practice that issues of crash prevention is not given consideration in the context of strategic planning. The safety issues are only dependent on imbalanced Police data governing general cause over speeding which is surely not at all. The research focuses on the operational model for mega city Karachi. The idea is designed to emphasize the trends including severity in road crashes, victims, and major arterials. The idea integrates a connection between Engineering and Management with the help of an exemplary system and provision of suitable infrastructure. Different year’s data record is manipulated only to hit way forward actions that can be chosen for prevention. On the contrary, mathematical justification is provided to correlate the Trauma surveillance model as a guideline in recommendations. The overall balance of research is maintained on the basis of ground realities and data modeling.

Keywords:

Road Safety,Traffic,Pakistan,Management,Accidents,

Refference:

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second conference on Asian road safety, The society of Traffic Engineering.

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Abstract:

Electroplating and metal working industries discharges effluent that contains toxic heavy metals such ascopper (Cu(II)), nickel (Ni(II)) and zinc (Zn(II)) ions. Biosorption has been recognized as ahigh efficiency and low-cost alternative method that can be used to treat the industrial effluent for heavy metal removal. In this study , mature leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica) was used as the potential biosorbent to study its adsorption behavior of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous medium solution in single and multicomponent system. The biosorption experiment was carried out in a batch process at constant room temperature and initial heavy metal concentration. Optimal biosorbent dosage, pH and contact time for the biosorption process of the three metals were investigated. At optimal pH of 6 and biosorbent dosage of 0.2g, the maximum metal uptake for Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) were 34mg/g, 26mg/g and 37mg/g respectively. For single metal solutions, biosorption equilibrium data for Cu(II) and Zn(II) fit the Freundlich model, while Ni(II) fitted the Langmuir isotherm. In the multicomponent system, the Langmuir isotherm fitted well for the equilibrium data of mixed solution of Cu(II), Ni(II) andZn(II).

Keywords:

Biosorption,neem leaves powder,heavy metal removal,batch process,single system,multicomponent system,

Refference:

I. Akbari, M., Hallajisani, A., Keshtkar, A. R., Shahbeig, H., & Ali
Ghorbanian, S. (2015). Equilibrium and kinetic study and modeling of Cu(II)
and Co(II) synergistic biosorption from Cu(II)-Co(II) single and binary
mixtures on brown algae C. indica. Journal of Environmental Chemical
Engineering, 3(1), 140–149. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.11.004
II. Amirnia, S., Ray, M. B., & Margaritis, A. (2015). Heavy metals removal
from aqueous solutions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a novel
continuous bioreactor–biosorption system. Chemical Engineering Journal,
264, 863–872. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.016
III. Arshad, M., Zafar, M. N., Younis, S., & Nadeem, R. (2008). The use of
Neem biomass for the biosorption of zinc from aqueous solutions. Journal of
Hazardous Materials, 157(2-3), 534–540.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.017
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dirachta indica) leaf powder. Journal of Environmental Chemical
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(2010). Neemleaf utilization for copper ions removal from aqueous solution.
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Noghabi, K. A. (2014). Cadmium biosorption by a glyphosate-degrading
bacterium, a novel biosorbent isolated from pesticide-contaminated
agricultural soils. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20(6),
4304–4310. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.01.037
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textile dyes from contaminated water by filamentous green algal Spirogyra
sp.: Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies. International
Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 83, 33–40.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.04.004
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behavior of Escherichia coli biomass toward Pd (II) in Pt (IV) – Pd (II)
binary solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283, 657–662.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.008

 

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Abstract:

Clustering is the procedure of arranging things into teams whose participants are similar in some way. A cluster is consequently a collection of things which are comparable between them and also are dissimilar to the objects coming from various other clusters. As numerous kinds of clustering and also requirements for homogeneity or separation are of passion, this is a huge area. A prolonged survey is offered from a mathematical programming perspective. Actions of a clustering research study, kinds of clustering and criteria are discussed. In this paper, we recommend an estimate technique for time collection based on mathematical models.

Keywords:

Clustering,,Mathematical models,cluster analysis,

Refference:

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Abstract:

Advance payment is the important issue in inventory analysis. Due to advance payment another important issue is the capital money. The main aim of this paper is to introduce advance payment concept in the analysis of inventory problem. Annual demand has been considered to developed this model. Also, we have considered the product deteriorate constantly after the certain time period. Due to advance payment supplier may offer to his retailers’ instalment facility. However, purchasing amount must pay before received the lot size. Shortages are allowed partially with the constant backlogging rate. Due to the high nonlinearity of the corresponding optimization problem, we cannot able to find the closed form solution of the objective function. To overcome this difficulties, we have used LINGO 18 software for solving the proposed inventory problem. To validate the proposed model, one numerical examples have been solved. Finally, the effects of changes of different parameters have been studied graphically of the proposed model and a fruitful conclusion has been drawn.

Keywords:

EOQ,price dependent demand,advance payment,partial backlogged shortage.,

Refference:

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demand, time-varying holding cost and quantity discounts.
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perishable item with demand function sensitive to price and time.
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deteriorating items with selling price dependent demand and three parameter
Weibull distributed deterioration. International Journal of Industrial
Engineering Computations, 5(3), 497-510 (2014)
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deteriorating items with partial backlogging, permissible delay
in payments, inflation and selling price-dependent demand and customer
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Abstract:

The transformer-less single-phase five-level Photovoltaic (PV) inverter is presenting in this paper. The Photovoltaic (PV) module is connecting to the proposed topology with different values of irradiation and temperature. The modelling of the PV cell is also representing in this research activity. The output voltage of the PV is stepped up by using DC-DC Boost converterfurther operation of the topology. The sinusoidal PWM control technique is proposed for this topology. Two reference sinusoidal signals are comparing by the magnitude of the carrier triangular signal for the generation of PWM pulses to the switches. The operating states of the proposed topology are explaining in detail. With the reduced switch inverter topology, the switching, conduction losses are reducing. This proposed topology will be simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK to produce the output of five-levelwith the less number of switches.

Keywords:

PV Module,Boost DC-DC Converter,Sinusoidal PWM,five-level inverter.,

Refference:

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Structures for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems”,
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